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	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3194:_16_Part_Epoxy&amp;diff=403816</id>
		<title>3194: 16 Part Epoxy</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3194:_16_Part_Epoxy&amp;diff=403816"/>
				<updated>2026-01-16T23:16:36Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: /* Transcript */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3194&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = January 14, 2026&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = 16 Part Epoxy&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = 16_part_epoxy_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 511x595px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = Some surfaces may seem difficult to glue. But if you research the materials, find tables of what adhesives work on them, and prepare your surfaces carefully, you can fail to glue them in a fun NEW way that fills your house with dangerous vapors.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|This page was created by boiling down a gorilla glue gorilla. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This comic refers to {{w|epoxy}} — substances used as adhesives, sealants, and coatings, named for the chemical substructure {{w|epoxide}}, which is the precursor component to these substances turning from liquids to solids.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:FiveMinEpoxy.jpg|thumb|A typical 2-part epoxy applicator.]]Many types of epoxy are multi-part (usually two-part), where the components, such as {{w|resin}} and a {{w|Epoxy#Curing|hardener}}, are stored separately. For ease of use, this can be in parallel syringes (of equal volume, or proportionately different widths to maintain the correct mixing ratio) such that the user squeezes out both of the separate chemicals onto the initial surface, or into a container, by depressing both syringes simultaneously. The user then thoroughly mixes the components, as quickly as possible. The mixture is spread over the surface(s) to be joined or protected, and/or into the gaps to be filled, and if there are separate surfaces involved they are quickly positioned and hed in place. The combined epoxy quickly cures, usually within a few minutes. This comic presents a fictitious 16-part epoxy, with the same apparent logic of parallel deposition in mind, with many components that are implausible or make fun of common problems people have when using epoxy in real life.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text, as with a couple of the substances involved, references how not all epoxies and glues work on every material, and that applying them on others can also require special techniques or products to gain the best advantage. Some industrial or industrial-grade adhesives contain solvents (e.g. {{w|tetrachloroethylene}}, which is used in E6000 glue) that release harmful vapors as they cure. If used improperly, this can result in the release of chemical vapors in an enclosed space along other dangerous side-effects, while also ''still'' not adhesing as intended.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
!Type&lt;br /&gt;
!Real?&lt;br /&gt;
!Explanation&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Resin&lt;br /&gt;
|{{Yes}}&lt;br /&gt;
|A liquid which turns into a polymer when mixed with a hardener.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Hardener&lt;br /&gt;
|{{Yes}}&lt;br /&gt;
|A thick liquid which is mixed with resin to create a durable polymer which is commonly used as a glue.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Filler&lt;br /&gt;
|{{Yes}}&lt;br /&gt;
|An optional addition to the hardener and resin which changes the properties of the polymer.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some epoxies are sold as products known as 'fillers', used to repair and cover cracks, holes, and imperfections.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Softener&lt;br /&gt;
|{{Yes}}&lt;br /&gt;
|The word is probably being used in humorous contrast to the &amp;quot;hardener&amp;quot; component, and perhaps also by analogy with laundry products that contain a fabric softener alongside a detergent. However, {{w|plasticizer|plasticizers}} are often added to polymers to make them more pliable, and thus to increase their impact resistance. These plasticizers tend to be lost over long periods of time (e.g. by evaporation or degradation), which contributes to old plastic becoming brittle.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Rosin&lt;br /&gt;
|{{Yes}}&lt;br /&gt;
|While this looks like a joke entry, this is actually a different kind of resin which is extracted naturally rather than synthesized from other chemicals. Rosin (a kind of '{{w|Flux (metallurgy)|flux}}') is one of two parts that make up rosin-core solder, used in electronic work, where the rosin is located in the center (the &amp;quot;core&amp;quot;) of the wire-like solder, similar to how graphite is in the core of a pencil. When heated hot enough to melt, it {{w|Soldering#Flux|cleans corrosion and oxides from the surfaces}} of the metal parts to be joined, creating bare metal surfaces that can be 'wet' by the solder. In rosin-core solder, the two substances are touching rather than kept completely separate, since they're both in solid form, and don't react with each other even when they're heated to melt them. In this respect they differ from common combination epoxy chemicals that will be both liquids that cure together on contact even at room temperature. Rosin is also frequently applied to the bows of string instruments like violins or cellos to improve the sound, as immortalized in the famous song &amp;quot;{{w|The Devil Went Down to Georgia}}&amp;quot; or the folk song {{w|Old Rosin the Beau}}.  &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Stuff that bonds permanently to skin and nothing else&lt;br /&gt;
|{{No}}&lt;br /&gt;
|One key annoyance with sticky substances is the difficulty of removing them when they are inadvertently applied to skin. In this case, the polymer bonds solely to skin instead of anything else, making it mostly only really useful for a practical joke. Some epoxies are specifically designed for gluing skin, usually for medical purposes, but none are known to bond to skin exclusively.{{acn}} This may be a reference to {{w|cyanoacrylate|cyanoacrylate adhesives}} (&amp;quot;super glues&amp;quot;), which famously bond quite aggressively to skin while often failing to bond the target materials. &lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Stuff that will crack and turn white over a few days, for decorative appearance&lt;br /&gt;
|{{Maybe|Not effective as epoxy}}&lt;br /&gt;
|'Crackle effect' is a real thing for crafters, and can be created by mixing paint and glue, but is not recommended if you want two surfaces to adhere, since most paint is made to be non-adherent in order to be durable{{acn}}. Poor finish, where an intended smooth uniform surface cracks or discolors, can be a frustrating problem when applying epoxy mixtures to visible surfaces, especially when the problem only appears some time after you've congratulated yourself on a job well done.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Placebo&lt;br /&gt;
|{{Maybe|Not in the field of adhesives}}&lt;br /&gt;
|The {{w|placebo effect}} happens when somebody is told that something has a certain effect, when in reality it has no mechanism of action to produce that effect. This is commonly used in medical studies to determine whether a medication actually does something, as opposed to simply having a {{w|psychosomatic effect}}. Using this term to describe a type of polymer suggests it would make someone believe it is gluing things together without actually doing anything, which is unlikely. Alternatively, this could refer to a component or filler that claims to serve a specific purpose while having no true benefit, causing the perception of benefit to the consumer (presumably causing better reviews).&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Minced duct tape&lt;br /&gt;
|{{Maybe|Not intentionally}}&lt;br /&gt;
|{{w|Duct tape}} is widely used as a way to join and/or cover things, sometimes in contexts where an epoxy might provide a more high-quality solution. [[Randall]] is pretending that having very small pieces of tape in the mix would add to the epoxy's ability to hold things together. In reality, cutting duct tape into small pieces would weaken it and make it ''less'' effective at sticking things together. In the UK, the word 'minced' can also mean 'made worthless', which would also not bode well for the adhesive.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Acetone fragrance&lt;br /&gt;
|{{No}}&lt;br /&gt;
|{{w|Acetone}} is a volatile solvent used in a number of glues and paints (including nail polish), but it weakens epoxy and can even be used to remove uncured epoxy. It has a strong, distinctive smell, and is actually toxic, making fragrance an odd reason for adding it to any product. It ''would'' give the epoxy a familiar &amp;quot;chemical smell&amp;quot; that people associate with industrial compounds. The use of 'X fragrance' in an ingredient list, instead of simply listing the ingredient X, usually implies that the actual ingredient is some (cheaper) substitute for X with a similar scent. Since acetone is already inexpensive, perhaps some substitute has been discovered that provides the smell without weakening this glue, though other joke entries value humour over adhesion.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Powdered bar magnets&lt;br /&gt;
|{{Maybe|Yes, but not in resin}}&lt;br /&gt;
|This might still work if the pieces could somehow be aligned correctly, as each tiny piece of magnet would still be a magnet in its own right, capable of attracting the other tiny magnets, and thus resisting tension forces. However, it would be much worse than a normal bar magnet, since the magnetic force would be weaker than those that held the original bar together. The micro-magnets would tend to clump together, which might strengthen the glue, but wouldn't help it to bond to surfaces very much unless the surfaces themselves were strongly magnetic.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Polyethylvinylesteracetate&lt;br /&gt;
|{{Maybe|Not in epoxy}}&lt;br /&gt;
|This appears to be a reference to {{w|ethylene-vinyl acetate|Poly (ethylene-vinyl acetate)}}, some formulations of which can be used as the adhesive in hot-glue guns. Vinyl acetate is an ester, so the inclusion of that term is redundant. The cadence of the constructed word may also be a reference to the television episode {{w|Lucy Does a TV Commercial}} and its memorable product &amp;quot;Vitameatavegamin&amp;quot;. It also resembles the kind of thing often seen in ingredients lists for common household products such as soaps and cleaners, which are fairly meaningless to the average person buying them.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|2-Polyethylvinylesteracetate&lt;br /&gt;
|{{Maybe|Unclear}}&lt;br /&gt;
|This sounds almost exactly the same as the above item, but {{w|2-Polyprenyl-6-hydroxyphenol methylase|a name with a &amp;quot;2-&amp;quot; prefix}} generally indicates that the initial bit of the name is a {{w|functional group}} attached to the ''second'' position along a chemical chain (often being the carbon-carbon 'spine' of a molecule, in large-molecule organic chemistry), rather than attached to its end. Because the molecule name is (possibly deliberately) malformed, it's hard to tell what is supposed to be attached to the second carbon of what subunit.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Salt and pepper to taste&lt;br /&gt;
|{{Maybe|Not for taste, but salt can be useful}}&lt;br /&gt;
|Salt and pepper are two incredibly popular condiments which are used to enhance a dish's flavor, and &amp;quot;salt and pepper to taste&amp;quot; is a phrase found in many food recipes. But the taste of your epoxy should not be your concern. Do not eat epoxy.{{citation needed}} However, salt, sand or other fine grains are sometimes recommended to add a bit of grit to an adhesive. Generally glues or epoxies need the bonded materials to be firmly held together while the glue cures. But when first pressed together, any excess glue is squeezed out and can cause the surfaces to slip around and need to be re-aligned. Any extra friction in the epoxy can help alleviate that.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Blood sample from the Gorilla Glue gorillas&lt;br /&gt;
|{{No}}{{Citation Needed}}&lt;br /&gt;
|{{w|Gorilla Glue}} is a popular brand of superglue which uses {{w|gorillas}} as its mascot. In this case, the label refers to the blood of a fictional breed of gorillas called “Gorilla Glue” gorillas, implying that Gorilla Glue is derived from or incorporates material taken from these animals. The epoxy ingredient list humorously treats this blood as a real component, despite Gorilla Glue being a modern synthetic adhesive. Although animal products have historically been used in some traditional glues, Gorilla Glue contains no such ingredients.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Blood has been [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/blood-glue historically used in glue], though not typically that of gorillas.&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Stuff that bonds to every known material except yours&lt;br /&gt;
|{{No|Probably not}}&lt;br /&gt;
|Another common annoyance when using an adhesive is that each glue type only forms an adhesive bond with certain materials. In this case, the polymer would bond with every material except for the one you were using, causing great distress and leaving you in a fix. This is similar to &amp;quot;Stuff that bonds permanently to skin and nothing else&amp;quot; above.&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Standard 16-Part Epoxy&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[An epoxy applicator with a single push bar and sixteen differently-colored chambers, each labeled]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Resin (coloured beige)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hardener (mango yellow)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Filler (darker yellow)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Softener (cream)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rosin (very light red)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stuff that bonds permanently to skin and nothing else (yellow-dark green)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stuff that will turn white and crack over a few days, for decorative appearance (light blue)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Placebo (white)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Minced duct tape (grey with a tint of green)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Acetone Fragrance (beige-yellow)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Powdered bar magnets (brown)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Polyethylvinylesteracetate (blue-white)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2-Polyethylvinylesteracetate (blue-white but slightly darker)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Salt and pepper to taste (light grey)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Blood sample from the Gorilla Glue gorillas (red)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stuff that bonds to every known material except yours (beige)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics with color]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=382:_Trebuchet&amp;diff=401938</id>
		<title>382: Trebuchet</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=382:_Trebuchet&amp;diff=401938"/>
				<updated>2025-12-17T00:42:59Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: /* Explanation */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 382&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = February 11, 2008&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Trebuchet&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = trebuchet.png&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = It was also fun when those teenagers tried to egg our house and it insta-cooked the eggs in mid-air.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
This is a straightforward comic playing on [[Megan]]'s contradictory stance on [[Cueball]]'s historical {{w|trebuchet}} project and her own {{w|Automatic target recognition|auto-targeting}} kilowatt {{w|laser}}. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
She explains her stance with the fact that her invention helps keep the squirrels off the {{w|Bird feeder|feeder}}. The fact that it actually works is backed up by the sound of a squirrel squeaking as it gets zapped by the laser. But getting hold of such a laser and programming the auto-targeting so it only zaps squirrels and not the birds is a very complicated process - and there are probably many other ways to keep the squirrels off the feeder. So Megan is of course no better than Cueball here. However, with computer vision it relatively easy to detect squirrels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text refers to {{w|egging}}, throwing eggs at houses, other objects, or even people. While this is illegal it's still a famous form of protest; more often it's simple random {{w|vandalism}} or {{w|prank|pranking}}, most common on {{w|Halloween}} in the US. Generally targets are chosen at random, with little specific malicious intent towards the victim, although it's not unusual for people to seek out and target the property of those who they dislike.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If we do, however, assume that Megan programmed the laser to only shoot squirrels, it's likely faulty (unless her intent all along was to fry eggs in midair). Or it could be that she has programmed the laser to shoot any object moving towards her house in the air.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Trebuchets are referred to in later comics: [[1160: Drop Those Pounds]] and [[1190: Time]]. They are also mentioned in the title text of [[1378: Turbine]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Much later in [[1846: Drone Problems]] Megan has created a device to shoot down drones, so this is her go to solution for annoying things...&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To give some scale for Megan’s kilowatt laser: in {{what if|13|Laser Pointer}}, [[Randall]] remarks that a 1-watt laser (so, 1000 times less powerful) &amp;lt;q cite=&amp;quot;https://what-if.xkcd.com/13/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;is an extremely dangerous thing … capable of burning skin and setting things on fire&amp;lt;/q&amp;gt;, and implies that it should not be legal for consumer purchase in the US. The limits for a 'safe' laser (one that can be used without goggles, so laser pointers for example) is a 5mW laser (0.005W). A “kilowatt laser” – it’s unclear if this is exactly a 1kW laser or merely around that range – is a {{w|laser weapon}}: for instance, Lockheed Martin’s {{w|Area Defense Anti-Munitions}} system uses a 10kW laser, at most only ten times as powerful as Megan’s laser.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
:[Cueball is working on something on a table, and Megan is sitting at a computer.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: The trebuchet is almost done!&lt;br /&gt;
:Megan: Mm.&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: The range should be over 150 meters.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Megan leans back on her chair.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Megan: Look,&lt;br /&gt;
:Megan: I'm sure it's a cool project.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Picture of a trebuchet, with some spare parts to its right.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Megan: But eventually you'll need to outgrow these toys, and focus your energy on something practical. &lt;br /&gt;
:Megan: This mad science is getting out of hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[The camera zooms out, and we see a cross-section of an exterior wall/window from ground to gutter and lower edge of the roof, showing that the characters are inside but the off-frame action is outside.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: Says the girl who mounted an auto-targeting kilowatt laser on the roof.&lt;br /&gt;
:Megan: That's practical! It keeps the squirrels off the feeder!&lt;br /&gt;
:[From off-frame.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Laser: ''GZZZZZAPP''&lt;br /&gt;
:Squirrel: ''Squeak!''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Megan]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Trebuchet]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Squirrels]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3180:_Apples&amp;diff=401432</id>
		<title>3180: Apples</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3180:_Apples&amp;diff=401432"/>
				<updated>2025-12-13T05:36:00Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3180&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = December 12, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Apples&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = apples_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 263x364px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = The experimental math department's budget is under scrutiny for how much they've been spending on trains leaving Chicago at 9:00pm traveling at 45 mph.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|This page was created BY A CAR HEADING WEST AT 70MPH. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the comic, a group of three &amp;quot;experimental mathematicians&amp;quot; has experimentally confirmed the answer to a math {{w|word problem (mathematics education)|story problem}} that might normally appear in elementary school: &amp;quot;If Cueball has seven apples and Hairbun has five, how many apples are there?&amp;quot; Cueball counts the two groups of apples and states that the total is twelve. Blondie agrees that this is noteworthy. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most people with a basic level of math would represent this as 7&amp;amp;#8239;+&amp;amp;#8239;5&amp;amp;#8239;=&amp;amp;#8239;12 and be confident of the answer without needing to count groups of physical objects. However, the title text states that there is an entire experimental math department dedicated to testing out common story problems in the real world, as if there was some doubt that {{w|Number theory|the theories}} were sound.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It may also be an allusion to the most basic step of human mathematics, that of realising that seven of ''any'' conceived item plus five more of it will be twelve such items in total, and that numbers alone can therefore represent items without there ''being'' actual items to prove their own totals. {{w|History of ancient numeral systems#Clay tokens|Early accounting methods}} initially used proxy representations of the items, in a form of hybrid literal/symbolic manner, which meant that the combining of numbers of apples and combining numbers of livestock could be considered almost as different concepts, even though they had the same total sum applied only to different products.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is possible that this Experimental Mathematics department has been working on this particular level of problem, as part of a mostly pre-mathematical culture. They are just now checking that 7 apples plus 5 apples equals 12 apples, after perhaps extrapolating from the recently confirmed fact that (e.g.) 7 sheep plus 5 sheep equals 12 sheep. Their theory that this extends to apples (and any other items they have tested before this point) has so far not managed to support the {{w|null hypothesis}} in which it might not.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Many branches of science have a known division between the empirical approach (gathering direct evidence or practically demonstrating that something works) and the theoretical (developing abstract models that fit the available information without fully testing them). High-quality experiments tend to be difficult and expensive, so rigorous testing is normally reserved for problems that someone considers sufficiently important or interesting. Math often deals with numbers and situations that cannot be reliably reproduced. The department's focus on confirming what most people already know may face difficulties when applying for grant funding.  In reality, {{w|experimental mathematics}} is the branch of mathematics which uses computation as opposed to &amp;quot;pure&amp;quot; deductive proof methods.  This does not involve &amp;quot;verifying&amp;quot; simple arithmetic, but could encompass e.g. calculating long runs of the digits of pi in search of patterns that may not be 'obvious' from known principles but which could be proven once identified as a candidate for proof.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On top of the simple problem that requires simple addition (and possibly subtraction) to fully understand the answer of, the title text goes on to cover a slightly more complicated schoolroom mathematical problem, one which generally requires at least some understanding of multiplication and division (though more advanced problems of this type might require moving into the realms of algebra, and the nature of {{w|System of equations|simultaneous equations}} in particular). These may take the analogous form of a train (or other vehicle) setting off at a given time and constant speed along a given hypothetical route, and comparing that against other trips made to/from the same location. As with the hyper-practical experimentations with the number of apples, these more advanced queries are being investigated by directly examining the real-world incarnations of the terms of the problem. It seems that enough identical repetitions have been attempted, at least of a particular Chicago-departing rail service, to have worried those who oversee the financial accounts. (Presumably the accountants at least know enough about numbers to know that the acceptable number of purchased train tickets plus yet more purchased train tickets is adding up to more train tickets purchased than the accountants can consider to be justified.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A flaw in the system is that with irrational numbers and infinitesimals. Those cannot be represented with physical objects easily and will probably need very precise things or is just impossible.&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete transcript|Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Hairbun and Cueball stand at the left of the panel. Blondie stands at the right. Between them are two piles of apples, one of seven apples (stacked four on the bottom, two in the middle row, and one on top) and the other of five apples (stacked three on the bottom, and two on top).]&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: Okay, with my seven apples added to your five, we have ... let's see ... twelve apples!&lt;br /&gt;
:Blondie: Incredible!&lt;br /&gt;
:Blondie: Perfect agreement with the theory!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Hairbun]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Blondie]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Math]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=Talk:3179:_Fishing&amp;diff=401302</id>
		<title>Talk:3179: Fishing</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=Talk:3179:_Fishing&amp;diff=401302"/>
				<updated>2025-12-11T04:56:38Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;!-- Please sign your posts with ~~~~ and don't delete this text. New comments should be added at the bottom. --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The tug on a fishing line would be measured in newtons, not kilograms. [[Special:Contributions/76.187.17.7|76.187.17.7]] 04:30, 11 December 2025 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
YAY BERET GUY![[User:Mathmaster|Mathmaster]] ([[User talk:Mathmaster|talk]])&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3175:_Website_Task_Flowchart&amp;diff=393196</id>
		<title>3175: Website Task Flowchart</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3175:_Website_Task_Flowchart&amp;diff=393196"/>
				<updated>2025-12-02T05:19:46Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3175&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = December 1, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Website Task Flowchart&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = website_task_flowchart_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 333x683px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = Tired of waiting on hold? Use our website to chat with one of our live agents, who are available to produce words at you 24/7!&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|This page was created by a live agent producing words at you. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
This is a flowchart comic. It pertains to show how to accomplish a task on a generic website.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first step, applicable to many (but not all) interactive sites, is to actually attempt to log into the website. In most cases, successfully doing this might be taken as read (or at least the resulting success itself is), but these instructions make a specific point of leading you into a 'troubleshooting' section if it fails.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If the logging in does not fail (or no longer does!), the second step reduces ''everything'' that follows down to a single instruction to attempt to do whatever it is that you're actually trying to do. The only compromise given, is that it again leads you into a 'troubleshooting' section if this rather vagure endeavor leads to failure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If you have managed to both work and log in (perhaps eventually, see below), its last stage is merely a congratulatory message. At this point, you have succeeded in the task that the flowchart was supposedly helping you to complete.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
So far, so useless.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is when you have problems that the flowchart gives you additional instructions. In both the case of being unable to log in ''and'' being unable to do the whatever-it-is that you're trying to do, the chart guides you to the perhaps just as unhelpful troubleshooting directive for the respective issue. In line with the generalist brevity of the other instructions, this merely consists of the instruction to troubleshoot the issue, without providing any actual guidance as to what specific approaches to take in that troubleshooting. The only concession given to the complexity that might be involved is that it explicitly states that you will have to spend several hours doing this (without any actual indication what it is that you'll be doing for several hours). Following which, each diversion queries whether any of whatever-you-did worked. The good news, if that all did work out in the end, is that you've now back on the the path that ultimately leads to the trite congratulations for being successful.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, failing either troubleshooting dumps you into a &amp;quot;give up&amp;quot;-themed flow, sending you down the route of calling the Customer Service line. This proceedes to uphold exactly the same standards of helpfulness as the rest of the flowchart, by intoducing you to the inevitable '{{w|On hold messaging|hold message}}' which it fully expects (probably correctly) to contain an automated suggestion that you try to use the website ''instead'' of calling them directly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As, by now, you have probably been wrestling with the website already for several hours (perhaps twice over!), the flowchart does not actually present any proper 'advice', merely the prediction that the entire frustrating episode will then have you throwing both computer and the phone handset away, before even hearing the full message. Specifically, into the sea, which is a drastic (and possibly {{w|Landlocked country#Doubly landlocked|non-trivial}}) action to take. It should at least, however, formally end this attempt to accomplish your troublesome task upon the troublesome website.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text is yet another part of the typical automated support-line message, perhaps for anyone who had not followed the flowchart as faithfully. In this further recorded suggestion, you may be encouraged to visit the website's 'live chat' function, a fairly recent development that combines the best/worst&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#91;delete as inapplicable&amp;amp;#93;&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; aspects of both online and phone-line support. &amp;quot;Live agents&amp;quot; is an ambiguous term, ''possibly'' being true support-line staff with all the answers to your questions. However, as it often leverages the ambiguity of typed-text communications, it often remains ambiguous as to whether you have a single (and qualified) person assisting you, the conversation may well be passed around various rather less than knowledgeable staff who are merely following a 'script' that follows a flowchart process (hopefully more useful than this one) to let them give more expert advice than they might be capable of. Or, increasingly, an automated/AI text-processing backend that attempts to understand your queries and follows a similar script-based rabbit-hole towards whatever conclusion it is capable of (including {{wiktionary|triage|triaging}} your initial responses before even allowing 'a real human', with the necessary skills, to be bothered by your request).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The claim that they can &amp;quot;produce words at you&amp;quot; might be {{w|English as a second or foreign language|slightly mangled English}}, or a blatantly honest admission that any conversation you have will be with {{w|Large language model|a potentially inexaustible AI system}}. At its worst, the words you receive might have {{w|Markov chain|even less understanding}} of your problem, as merely being able to send even [[1068: Swiftkey|vaguely logical sequences of words]] might be worse than useless. Additionally, giving random vague sequences of words would be very infuriating and cause the user to throw the laptop into the ocean.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete transcript|Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
Doing a task using a company or organization's website:&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Flowcharts]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Internet]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3174:_Bridge_Clearance&amp;diff=392716</id>
		<title>3174: Bridge Clearance</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3174:_Bridge_Clearance&amp;diff=392716"/>
				<updated>2025-11-28T22:34:12Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3174&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = November 28, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Bridge Clearance&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = bridge_clearance_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 450x233px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = A lot of the highway department's budget goes to adjusting the sign whenever the moon passes directly overhead.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|This page was created recently. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
Bridges will often have signs indicating the height of the bridge, primarily to indicate to taller vehicles the potential hazard of driving under them. In this comic, there is a bridge with one of these signs, indicating a clearance of 10 feet and 6 inches, which is a normal clearance for a bridge to have. To its right, there's a sign which says &amp;quot;no bridge&amp;quot;, indicating a clearance of 46 billion light years. This sign indicates a clearance approximately equal to the radius of the observable universe.  This is because there isn't any bridge.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text references the fact that when the moon passes over the sign, the clearance would be reduced to the distance between Earth and the moon, as any vehicle driving there would need to be shorter, otherwise it would crash into the moon. Both of these signs ignore the fact that vehicles cannot be large enough that either of these clearances would be something necessary to account for while driving.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text says that the sign might crash into the moon during certain times. However, they also need to adjust it for any stars, which would be easier if their were just people living on the sign and adjusting it with some smart mechanism.&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete transcript|Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
[:There is a road with a fork and one side that goes to the left has a sign. The one that goes forward has a bridge and a clearance sign.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[:left sign with bridge underlined, it has a horizontal line that is dotted with slashes.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bridge&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Clearance&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
10 ft 6 in&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[:right sign with No bridge underlined]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
No Bridge&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Clearance&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
46+ Billion light years&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=Talk:3174:_Bridge_Clearance&amp;diff=392715</id>
		<title>Talk:3174: Bridge Clearance</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=Talk:3174:_Bridge_Clearance&amp;diff=392715"/>
				<updated>2025-11-28T22:33:48Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;!-- Please sign your posts with ~~~~ and don't delete this text. New comments should be added at the bottom. --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
But when the moon is directly overhead they also have to edit the contents of the sign [[User:Mathmaster|Mathmaster]] ([[User talk:Mathmaster|talk]])&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3174:_Bridge_Clearance&amp;diff=392714</id>
		<title>3174: Bridge Clearance</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3174:_Bridge_Clearance&amp;diff=392714"/>
				<updated>2025-11-28T22:33:05Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3174&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = November 28, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Bridge Clearance&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = bridge_clearance_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 450x233px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = A lot of the highway department's budget goes to adjusting the sign whenever the moon passes directly overhead.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|This page was created recently. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
Bridges will often have signs indicating the height of the bridge, primarily to indicate to taller vehicles the potential hazard of driving under them. In this comic, there is a bridge with one of these signs, indicating a clearance of 10 feet and 6 inches, which is a normal clearance for a bridge to have. To its right, there's a sign which says &amp;quot;no bridge&amp;quot;, indicating a clearance of 46 billion light years. This sign indicates a clearance approximately equal to the radius of the observable universe.  This is because there isn't any bridge.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text references the fact that when the moon passes over the sign, the clearance would be reduced to the distance between Earth and the moon, as any vehicle driving there would need to be shorter, otherwise it would crash into the moon. Both of these signs ignore the fact that vehicles cannot be large enough that either of these clearances would be something necessary to account for while driving.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text says that the sign might crash into the moon during certain times. However, they also need to adjust it for any stars, which would be easier if their were just people living on the sign and adjusting it with some smart mechanism.&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete transcript|Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
[:There is a road with a fork and one side that goes to the left has a sign. The one that goes forward has a bridge and a clearance sign.]&lt;br /&gt;
[:left sign with bridge underlined, it has a horizontal line that is dotted with slashes.]&lt;br /&gt;
Bridge&lt;br /&gt;
Clearance&lt;br /&gt;
10 ft 6 in&lt;br /&gt;
[:right sign with No bridge underlined]&lt;br /&gt;
No Bridge&lt;br /&gt;
Clearance&lt;br /&gt;
46+ Billion light years&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3171:_Geologic_Core_Sample&amp;diff=391610</id>
		<title>3171: Geologic Core Sample</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3171:_Geologic_Core_Sample&amp;diff=391610"/>
				<updated>2025-11-24T23:39:27Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3171&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = November 21, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Geologic Core Sample&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = geologic_core_sample_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 493x790px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = If you drill at the right angle and time things perfectly, your core sample can include a section of a rival team's coring equipment.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|This page was created BY A GEOLOGIC RIBBIT. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This image presents a core sample taken by a slightly overenthusiastic team of geologists. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A {{w|core sample}} is a cylindrical piece of something, in this case the rock of Earth's crust, obtained with special drills, taken in order to study the layers within. In typical xkcd fashion, the core sample depicted here contains a mix of real rocks found in core samples, and many humorous or fictional additions. It's shown that, on the way down, the coring drills have hit many, many obstacles they really shouldn't have, culminating in the punchline that the geologists have drilled straight through the Earth to the opposite hemisphere and out the other side — far deeper than any core sample could be taken in reality.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
;Topsoil             :{{w|Topsoil}} is the uppermost layer of the typical {{w|pedosphere}}, which often needs to be dug through before reaching actual rock. Whether the soil section of the core would actually be retained and counted is up to the nature of the study being made, but it will become clear that this core sample wasn't obtained with much thought of finesse.&lt;br /&gt;
;Till                :{{w|Till}} is unsorted glacial sediment, which might underlie the soil layer and form the transition to the foundation rock below.&lt;br /&gt;
;Granite bedrock     :{{w|Bedrock}} is solid rock, and there may normally be nothing but more bedrock beneath it until the Earth's {{w|Mantle_(geology)|mantle}}. {{w|Granite}} is a very common igneous rock that could normally form such bedrock.&lt;br /&gt;
:There are suggestions, from what is seen beneath it, that this particular layer of bedrock (though being a natural material, at source) has been placed here as a construction base, infilled over with the above layers in this particular spot. &lt;br /&gt;
:Bedrock could also be a reference to the unmineable blocks that make up the bottom of the world in Minecraft.&lt;br /&gt;
;Bottomsoil          :A fictional counterpart of topsoil. Topsoil is so named because it is generally found on top of other layers, and not to distinguish it from a separate 'bottomsoil' layer. Here, however, there are apparently two layers of soil somehow sandwiching the bedrock layer. Theoretically, the intervening granite could have been laid (as a slab) upon the lowest layers of an excavated area, later to be sampled by this corer ''as if'' a natural layer.&lt;br /&gt;
;Roof/Floor of subway car :These two layers are indications that the drill has broken into a subway tunnel (possibly from amongst those shown in [[1196: Subways]]), and through a subway train which will have been travelling through such a tunnel dug deep into the rock, or perhaps {{w|Tunnel#Cut-and-cover|cut'n'covered}} into the ground (hence, perhaps, the anomalous granite being added above; though the further tunnel lining/ceiling is not given a label, that would hold up the initial infill of soil). The drill has essentially compressed the 'void' that is the interior of the car and the rest of the tunnel, which may seem to be good luck (given a later layer), but this still doesn't bode well for the subway train that may have been trying to move when the drill started to pierce it.&lt;br /&gt;
;More granite        :Granite ''is'' a very common igneous rock.&lt;br /&gt;
;Municipal water main:A pipe has been partly sliced through (enough to one side to not force the collapse of its void). Most water pipes of this size would not normally be forced through rock, only the loose material above it, relying upon pressure to carry water upwards, where necessary.&lt;br /&gt;
:However, {{w|combined sewer|drainage systems}} (that rely upon gravity for most of the route) may need at times to be dug deeper to maximize the natural flow. Some {{w|Thames Tideway Tunnel|particularly large projects}} may be excavated deeply through rock, even below some subway lines, though they'll be tunnels/pipes with a far larger bore than seen here, for both construction and capacity reasons.&lt;br /&gt;
;Slightly different granite:There are {{w|QAPF diagram|''many'' subtypes}} of granite, as well as being a lot of it.&lt;br /&gt;
;Piece of screaming spelunker's arm:Cave systems exist underground in many places, though more usually within rock-types more likely to dissolve than granite layers are. The main exception might be from {{w|Lava tube|volcanic tunnels}} left in {{w|basalt}}, but that's technically ''still'' not granite, meaning that any cave system here would need explaining.&lt;br /&gt;
:{{w|Spelunkers}} (also known as cavers) explore caves, and one must have been in the wrong place when the corer passed through, being inflicted a clear injury (possibly greater than any that the unknown (but not ''directly'' impacted) subway users might have already suffered). If the spelunker was not already screaming ''before'' the drill came through (perhaps for help, if they were stuck — the size of the cave is unknown, with the open space closed up, as with the subway), losing a chunk of arm will have definitely prompted screams.&lt;br /&gt;
;Cool crystals with no resale value:There are many geological processes that can concentrate elements and compounds in a way that form crystalline minerals. Some are useful as ores, others as just the crystals themselves (for aesthetic reasons or otherwise).&lt;br /&gt;
:Whatever these crystals are, as a small seam within the granitic layer just below the spelunker's location, they look nice (or are otherwise interesting), but either have little further application or are just so common that there's no point trying to make use of this deposit (even if they could perhaps be more 'easily' reached by any spelunker not put off by the threat of drillbits).&lt;br /&gt;
;Mangled fragments of drillbit from previous attempt&lt;br /&gt;
:When coring rock, it's possible for the tip of the coring drill to encounter problems (like particularly dense and hard rock) that damage it, perhaps by bending its track too much and shearing off the head.&lt;br /&gt;
:This latest attempt, probably sent down slightly to the side of the prior one (unless it had managed to gouge out ''just'' the remains of the previous drillpipe, and retain the rock/subway/spelunker layers previously cored out) has encountered the tip of the prior attempt.&lt;br /&gt;
:If there's one thing guaranteed to be as tough as a drillbit, it's ''another'' drillbit, which must necessarily be hard enough to cut through the expected rock-types. So it's lucky that the first one was clearly damaged enough, by its prior encounter, that it didn't thwart this next attempt and (perhaps literally) grind it to a halt. Nor, apparently, was there a repeat of whatever issue left that first drill like this.&lt;br /&gt;
:Being in the middle of the core, it could be that these bits are meant to be from another attempt to drill the diameter of the Earth from a complete different location. Assuming absurd precision, all such drill holes would meet at the center of the Earth.  &lt;br /&gt;
;Some boring intrusive rock that's basically granite but has a name like &amp;quot;diorite&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;andalite&amp;quot; that you always have to look up&lt;br /&gt;
:Diorite is a real type of igneous rock — an intermediate between actual granite and {{w|gabbro}} — but an [http://animorphs.fandom.com/wiki/Andalite Andalite] is an alien from the Animorphs book series, which Randall enjoys and has [[:Category:Animorphs|referenced before]]. Perhaps Randall is &amp;quot;misremembering&amp;quot; the name of {{w|andesite}}, another type of igneous rock, from his [[1223: Dwarf Fortress|knowledge of]] the complex set of reality-inspired rock types encountered in the game {{w|Dwarf Fortress}}. As the sample appears right before the Netherrack sample, it may also be referencing {{w|Minecraft}}, as granite, diorite, and andesite exist in-game as mineable stone types.&lt;br /&gt;
;Netherrack:A dark red, and entirely fictional, stone appearing in Minecraft, with which Randall is [[861: Wisdom Teeth|also well acquainted]]. In Minecraft, Netherrack typically only appears naturally in The Nether, an alternate dimension resembling hell. In the overworld, where the core sample is presumably being taken, Netherrack only naturally forms in ruins of Nether Portals found on the surface, so for it to appear this deep in the sample, it would need to have been placed there by another person, likely while mining. However, some fan theories suggested that the nether is under the overworld, which isn't true but some mods exist that make this true.&lt;br /&gt;
;Balrog wing:The balrog is a creature in {{w|Lord of the Rings}}, found deep beneath the world, awakened when the dwarves delved too deep and too greedily, and previously encountered in the title text of [[3141: Mantle Model]]. The {{w|Balrog#Characteristics|balrog's wings}} are often discussed, in the context of whether it had them, and therefore whether they could or should have helped it escape the fall that was forced upon it in the books. At least one balrog, however, now appears to have at least one less wing than those it previously had, without us knowing if there was also any screaming involved.&lt;br /&gt;
;Granite:This label is applied to rock that appears to cover both ends of a 'height' of rock-core that is simplified by a diagrammatic cut. From the context of later layers, this would include a very long length of drilled-material that passes into the {{w|Earth's mantle}}, and [[3145: Piercing|perhaps]] at least some of its core, before coming back up through the granite to be found somewhere on the other side of the planet.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
; Topsoil:Beyond the indeterminate length of granite, the sample transitions back into the loose upper layers, indicating that the exploratory core is now being taken from ascending layers, albeit in a location lacking subways, etc, or just managing to miss everything seen in the preceding section.&lt;br /&gt;
;Cement:On emerging from the other side of the Earth, the geologists have drilled through the foundations of a building.&lt;br /&gt;
;Floorboards / Carpet:These two layers are typical of a reasonably well-equipped residential building — probably the ground floor, without any basement level. The core is coming up inside a furnished room.&lt;br /&gt;
;Possessions of a confused and angry homeowner in the other hemisphere&lt;br /&gt;
:The core sample has tunneled up into somebody's house, probably while they are there, and has traveled through some of the furniture, fixtures and/or fittings, to their clear annoyance.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Apart from the less expected elements to the core that was cut and retrieved (and the sheer impossibility of drilling the necessary several thousand miles 'down' through the Earth, and then drawing that sample back out again), the comic heavily plays upon the fact that someone with the ability and equipment to take this sample is, nevertheless, not as sure about geology as they perhaps ought to be, with almost all rock just being considered 'granite', without any better (or more accurate) qualification.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text suggests that core sampling is a competitive pursuit, in which, with the correct drilling angle, dark arts can be employed to interfere with the coring experiment of a &amp;quot;rival team&amp;quot;. This is, outside of cold war-type pettiness, not considered a constructive approach to science.{{Citation needed}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Only about 15% of the Earth's land surface is directly antipodal to other land, which would make this sample less than &amp;quot;typical&amp;quot; if it was aimed directly down through the exact centre of the Earth and back up again (a distance of almost 8,000 miles, or more than 12,000 km). If one were to do this from a random spot of land, one would be much more likely to have the sample terminate in an ocean; the chances of ending up in a house would be even lower. However, considering that the title text mentions drilling at an angle, the 'other hemisphere' point might be not necessarily be at the antipodal point, and there also seems to be the capacity to aim at a more desirable target, in which case this is a &amp;quot;typical&amp;quot; core under ''deliberately'' chosen circumstances. The exact nature of reaching &amp;quot;the other hemisphere&amp;quot; is not expanded upon — it could be as simple as drilling (mostly sideways) a short distance across the {{w|equator}}, or {{w|prime meridian}}, or having to go at least a quarter of the way under the planet's surface (slightly over 1.4 times the Earth's radius, by the most direct route), in any direction, such that the two ends cannot be counted as being in any single arbitrary hemisphere.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This comic comes not long after [[3162: Heart Mountain]], which involved strange stratification, so may be part of the same thought process about the nature, and occasional oddities, of the geologic column.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete transcript|Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
:[Caption at the top of the panel:] Typical geologic core sample&lt;br /&gt;
:[Below this is a drawing of a cylindrical core sample with various labels, in order from the top of the panel toward the bottom.]&lt;br /&gt;
:[A short, dark section of core:] Topsoil&lt;br /&gt;
:[A more obviously granular shorter section with a diagonal transition:] Till&lt;br /&gt;
:[A light and lightly-marked phase:] Granite bedrock&lt;br /&gt;
:[Repeating the Topsoil appearance:] Bottomsoil&lt;br /&gt;
:[A short/squat and possibly squeezed 'lump':] Roof of subway car&lt;br /&gt;
:[A similar squeezed-out lump:] Floor of subway car&lt;br /&gt;
:[A longer length of the 'granite' texture, within which...:] More granite&lt;br /&gt;
:[Not quite half of a pipe-width, cut out as a gap perpendicular and not quite all the way across the core:] Municipal water main&lt;br /&gt;
:[Slightly more grainy version of the 'granite':] Slightly different granite&lt;br /&gt;
:[In a junction between 'granites', an squat, unidentifiable lump:] Piece of screaming spelunker's arm&lt;br /&gt;
:[Within a longer granite layer, a short stretch of spiky/crystalline features:] Cool crystals with no resale value&lt;br /&gt;
:[Within the same granite layer, an intrusion of mechanical-looking junk:] Mangled fragments of drillbit from previous attempt&lt;br /&gt;
:[As per granite, but slightly more grainy:] Some boring intrusive rock that's basically granite but has a name like &amp;quot;diorite&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;andalite&amp;quot; that you always have to look up&lt;br /&gt;
:[Dark, cobbly textured stone:] Netherrack&lt;br /&gt;
:[Within a stretch of granite, a short, dark but otherwise unidentifiable lump:] Balrog wing&lt;br /&gt;
:[At this point, there is a discontinuity indicating that an arbitrary length has been omitted. The sample then resumes:]&lt;br /&gt;
:[Still 'granite':] Granite&lt;br /&gt;
:[Dark soil texture:] Topsoil&lt;br /&gt;
:[Light, fine and sparse 'grains':] Cement&lt;br /&gt;
:[Two very short cross-sections, each with contrasting wood-grain stripes:] Floorboards&lt;br /&gt;
:[Two very short sections with a textile-base plus piles appearance:] Carpet&lt;br /&gt;
:[A mish-mash of 'stuff', possibly including cloth, metal components, grainy wood and 'topped' at the lowest end by something equally puzzling at an angle:] Possesions of a confused and angry homeowner in the other hemisphere&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Geology]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Charts]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:LOTR]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Animorphs]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Minecraft]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3172:_Fifteen_Years&amp;diff=391609</id>
		<title>3172: Fifteen Years</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3172:_Fifteen_Years&amp;diff=391609"/>
				<updated>2025-11-24T23:37:52Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3172&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = November 24, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Fifteen Years&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = fifteen_years_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 740x2623px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = &amp;quot;Want to feel old?&amp;quot; &amp;quot;Yes.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|This page was created by a STILL CANCER-FREE BOT. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Randall]]'s then-fiancée, now wife was diagnosed with cancer in late 2010. This is a matter he has discussed in the comic [[:Category:Cancer|multiple times before]], with Randall being depicted as Cueball and his wife as Megan. At this comic's release, it had been 15 years since her diagnosis and treatments.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This comic continues previous comics in the [[:Category:X Years|the series]] – [[1141: Two Years]], [[1928: Seven Years]], and [[2386: Ten Years]] – the initial parts of which are shown in the first 20 panels, which are grayed-out.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first of the new panels shows Randall and his wife in bed, with Randall reading her a book. He wants to stop because they need to get to sleep, she convinces him to read one more chapter. It didn't take much arm-twisting, her argument was simply a grunt.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The next panel appears to depict the {{w|Covid-19 pandemic}}. [[Hairy]], Megan, Cueball, [[Ponytail]], and [[White Hat]] are all wearing masks and looking at cellphone graphs showing the progression of the virus. Happily, they both survived this.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The next panel shows them feeding birds. It's apparently winter, since Randall is wearing a knit cap and they're both wearing scarves. There are three birds around Randall, including one perched on his head; there's one bird that has landed on Megan's phone. Randall concludes that the birds like his birdseed more than hers. Megan can't figure out how to take a picture of her bird, since the phone's camera can't be pointed at the phone itself.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The next panel shows them on a kayaking expedition in a dense forest.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The next panel shows Randall in a bed, recovering from appendicitis. He has previously mentioned getting an appendectomy in [[2508: Circumappendiceal Somectomy]], in August, 2021. His wife is enjoying the shoe being on the other foot, going overboard taking care of him after a major medical procedure, but Randall tries to downplay the severity of his procedure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The next four panels show them driving. They notice something, pull over, and get out of the car. The panel after this shows them viewing a spectacular {{w|aurora borealis}}. 2025 has been a {{w|solar maximum}}, producing a number of auroras that have been visible at unusually low latitudes, including Massachusetts, where Randall lives. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The final four panels show them sitting and talking in a field. Randall is lying down, his wife is sitting against a tree. They're celebrating her being cancer-free 15 years after her diagnosis. They do notice some other conditions, and realize they're the natural results of aging. This is good news, considering the serious medical scares they lived through.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text continues that ending with a play on a common conversation topic. Normally someone rhetorically asks &amp;quot;Want to feel old?&amp;quot; and then follows it with a description of a difference the conversants have with the younger generation, or how long it's been since some significant event they both experienced. But in this case, the question is taken literally, with a simple &amp;quot;Yes&amp;quot; response to indicate that feeling old is better than being dead and they are happy to be alive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete transcript|Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
:'''From [[1141: Two Years]]'''&lt;br /&gt;
:[Randall (drawn as Cueball) and Randall's fiancée (drawn as Megan) sit on a bed, Randall's fiancée is talking on the phone. The person she is talking to, a doctor holding a clipboard, is shown inset.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall's fiancée: Oh god.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Randall and Randall's fiancée sit together while Randall's fiancée, now bald, is receiving chemotherapy. They are both on their laptops.]&lt;br /&gt;
:IV pump: ... Beeep ... Beeep ... Beeep ...&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Randall and Randall's fiancée (who is wearing a knit cap) are paddling a kayak against a scenic mountain backdrop.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Randall and Randall's fiancée sit at a table, staring at a cell phone. There is a clock on the wall. Her head is stubbly.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall's fiancée: How long can it take to read a scan!?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Randall and Randall's fiancée are back at the hospital again, Randall's fiancée receiving chemo. They are playing Scrabble.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall: &amp;quot;Zarg&amp;quot; isn't a word.&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall's fiancée: But ''caaaancer.''&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall: ...Ok, fine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Randall and Randall's fiancée (wearing a knit cap) are listening to a Cueball-like friend. A large thought bubble is above their heads and it obscures the friends talk. The text below, split in three is the only part there can be no doubt about:]&lt;br /&gt;
:Friend: So next year you should come visit us up in the mounta&lt;br /&gt;
::ea&lt;br /&gt;
::and&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall and Randall's fiancée (thinking): '''&amp;quot;Next year&amp;quot;'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Randall and Randall's fiancée are getting married, with a heart above their heads. Randall's wife's hair is growing back.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Randall and Randall's wife (wearing a knit cap) stand on a beach, watching a whale jump out of water.]&lt;br /&gt;
:''Fwoosh''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:'''From [[1928: Seven Years]]'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Randall and Randall's wife (with her hair noticeably longer) are walking through a forest.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Randall's wife is sitting down, not in the forest anymore.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall's wife: My toe hurts and I found a report of a case in which toe pain was an early sign of cancer spreading.&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall: Wait—didn’t you stub your toe yesterday?&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall's wife: Yes, but what if this is unrelated?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Randall and his wife are going spelunking. The guide is gesturing deeper into the cave while Randall and his wife are climbing down.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Randall's wife stands on a rock above an alligator in a swamp, photographing the alligator.  Randall is on a balcony behind safety railings.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall: When they estimated your survival odds, I think they made some optimistic assumptions about your hobbies.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Randall's wife sits on an examination bed, listening to a doctor holding a clipboard.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Doctor: This is probably nothing. &lt;br /&gt;
:Doctor: But given your history, we should do a full scan. &lt;br /&gt;
:Doctor: We'll call with the results in a few days.  Try not to worry about it until then!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Randall and his wife stand above a deep pond full of fish and other objects.  Randall's wife is piloting a wired underwater camera with lights.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Randall and his wife are standing next to each other.  Randall's wife has shoulder-length hair covering most of her face.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall's wife: Hard to believe—six years ago, I was bald.  But today, after a long struggle, I finally look like the little girl from ''The Ring''.&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall: That's, uhh... good?&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall's wife: ''Hissssss''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[A line of six people, including Randall and his wife, stand and watch the solar eclipse.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''From [[2386: Ten Years]]''':&lt;br /&gt;
:[Randall and his wife are sitting in a room with five bunnies sitting around and on them. The Poster on the wall reads: Rabbit rescue.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall: Do you think they're socialized enough?&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall's wife: This one might need one more head pat. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Randall is running and pushing his wife on a hand cart.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Someone off-panel: Has anyone seen the hand cart?&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall's wife: Wheee!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Randall and his wife walks up hill with snowy mountains near by and in the background. his wife is gesturing to something ahead of them.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[A large dark panel, to the right of the previous three, to the left in two rows. Randall and his wife sits, leaning back on their hands looking up, at the end of a pier going into a lake. The end is broader and they sit to each side of the middle of the pier. It is night and behind the lake there is a forest of pine trees. Above the three is a clear starlit night sky with hundreds of stars and the band of the Milky Way clearly visible. The trees and some of the stars are reflected in the water of the lake, distorted by the movements of the water. There is a box with the words &amp;quot;Ten Years&amp;quot; in the center of the image.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''New [[3172: Fifteen Years]]''':&lt;br /&gt;
:[Randall and his wife are cuddling in their bed together. Randall is presumably reading from the book he is holding in his hand, &amp;quot;[title of book&amp;quot;].]&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall's wife: One more chapter?&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall: Don't we both have to get up early tomorrow?&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall's wife: ''Nnnnnggggh''&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall: Sure, good point.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Randall and his wife are walking through a city. In the background is Hairy, Ponytail, and White Hat. Everyone is wearing a face mask and looking on their cellphones. On the phone are various graphs of COVID-19 statistics.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Randall is wearing a beanie and a scarf, while his wife is wearing a matching scarf. Randall is holding out his hand to feed birds birdseed, while his wife is holding a cellphone with a bird on it.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall: Hah! They like '''my''' seeds best.&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall's wife: Wait, how do I take a picture of this one?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Randall and his wife are kayaking in a river. There are 3 fluffy clouds in the sky and 6 birds. A forest grows on the riverbank, which is partially covered by reeds. There are lily pads on the river and a small turtle is on one of them.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Randall is lying in bed with his head propped up by 3 pillows, facing his wife. She is holding a large pile of items in her hands: a takeout box, a pillow, two blankets, a pill box, and a mug.] &lt;br /&gt;
:Randall's wife: I brought you honey lemon tea, more pillows, a cinnamon roll, Tylenol, another blanket, a—&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall: It was just appendicitis, I'm really—&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall's wife: '''IT IS MY TURN TO TAKE CARE OF YOU AND I'M GOING TO DO IT RIGHT!'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Randall and his wife are sitting in their car, still and in shock. Randall is in the driver's seat.]::&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Randall and his wife are still sitting in the same position in their car.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall's wife: Oh my god.&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall: Oh my god.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[The car is moving quickly and gravel can be seen bouncing up behind the car, as well as exhaust.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall's wife: Pull over!&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall: I am!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[The car has been parked and Randall and his wife are scrambling to get out of the car.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Randall and his wife are standing by the edge of a lake. The color is inverted, with the background geography black and their bodies white. A beautiful aurora of reds and greens is spread across the night sky.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Randall's wife is leaning against a tree and Randall is lying down on the grass looking up towards the sky.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall's wife: Fifteen years. No signs of cancer. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Zoom in of Randall's wife's face.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall's wife: I '''''am''''' having some weird symptoms. Joint pain. Fatigue. I think I'm losing my close-up vision.&lt;br /&gt;
:Off panel voice: Yeah. Me too.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Zoom out, back to the original panel with the tree on the hill. Randall's wife is facing down towards Randall.] &lt;br /&gt;
:Randall: I think we're getting old. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Randall's wife is looking forward again.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Randall's wife: I guess that's okay. &lt;br /&gt;
:Randall: It's all I wanted.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:X Years]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics with color]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Cancer]] [[Category:X Years]] [[Category:Comics featuring Randall Munroe]] [[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]] [[Category:Comics featuring Megan]] [[Category:Comics featuring Ponytail]] [[Category:Comics featuring Hairy]] [[Category:Comics featuring White Hat]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=Talk:3172:_Fifteen_Years&amp;diff=391608</id>
		<title>Talk:3172: Fifteen Years</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=Talk:3172:_Fifteen_Years&amp;diff=391608"/>
				<updated>2025-11-24T23:24:18Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;!-- Please sign your posts with ~~~~ and don't delete this text. New comments should be added at the bottom. --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Part of a series:&lt;br /&gt;
* https://xkcd.com/1141/&lt;br /&gt;
* https://xkcd.com/1928/&lt;br /&gt;
* https://xkcd.com/2386/&lt;br /&gt;
--[[User:Pgn674|Pgn674]] ([[User talk:Pgn674|talk]]) 21:28, 24 November 2025 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
:[[:Category:X Years]].  [[Special:Contributions/64.201.132.210|64.201.132.210]] 22:03, 24 November 2025 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Growing old is a fabulous alternative to death.&amp;quot; [[Special:Contributions/85.255.235.101|85.255.235.101]] 21:30, 24 November 2025 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
OH MY GOD THIS IS SO SWEET EEEEEEEEEE. So happy for you Randall! &amp;lt;3 '''[[User:42.book.addict|&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-family:Cormorant Garamond;font-size:9pt;color:#3a795e&amp;quot;&amp;gt;42.book.addict&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User talk:42.book.addict|&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-family:Cormorant Garamond;font-size:6pt;color:#ce5f15&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Talk to me!&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;''' 21:36, 24 November 2025 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Growing old ... '''together'''.  [[Special:Contributions/64.201.132.210|64.201.132.210]] 21:59, 24 November 2025 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The paragraph about the title text could use a reference to the series of comics of the form &amp;quot;Students graduating this year have never...&amp;quot;. I'm not sure how to find them. [[User:Barmar|Barmar]] ([[User talk:Barmar|talk]]) 22:11, 24 November 2025 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Just. The. Cutest. This is an ideal relationship.--[[User:Maxcodes|Maxcodes]] ([[User talk:Maxcodes|talk]]) 22:32, 24 November 2025 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I love being reminded I’m (pretty dang sure I’m) going to die alone, yaaaaaay [[Special:Contributions/2600:4040:12A0:E200:D1D1:1F63:C1A:31F2|2600:4040:12A0:E200:D1D1:1F63:C1A:31F2]] 23:05, 24 November 2025 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
yay they have survived [[User:Mathmaster|Mathmaster]] ([[User talk:Mathmaster|talk]])&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=861:_Wisdom_Teeth&amp;diff=391399</id>
		<title>861: Wisdom Teeth</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=861:_Wisdom_Teeth&amp;diff=391399"/>
				<updated>2025-11-22T00:36:09Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: /* Transcript */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 861&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = February 16, 2011&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Wisdom Teeth&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = wisdom_teeth.png&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = I heard the general anesthesia drugs can cause amnesia, so when I woke up mid-extraction I started taking notes on my hand so I'd remember things later. I managed 'AWAKE BUT EVERYTHING OK' before the dental assistant managed to find and confiscate all my pens.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{w|Wisdom tooth|Wisdom teeth}}, as many people are no doubt {{w|Wisdom tooth#Removal of impacted wisdom teeth|painfully aware}}, are the third set of molars found in humans. Because human jaws are smaller than other ape jaws, most of us don't have room for a third set of molars, and the teeth become impacted so they grow straight into the other teeth, requiring a painful, debilitating procedure to remove them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because recovering from dental surgery often entails a period of rest following the operation and the use of {{w|painkillers|prescription painkillers}} (which have a tendency to make a person go a little loopy),{{Actual citation needed}} [[Cueball]] prepares to play ''Minecraft'' the entire time. ''{{w|Minecraft}}'' is a PC game known for its addictive qualities; the game itself primarily revolves around a three-dimensional world in which the goal of the player is centered on the aspects of structural creation using blocks found in the environment and the creation of different materials for use in building these structures. Despite its addictive nature, the game doesn't provide the player with a goal, so most people take to building lots of nifty stuff, such as large cities, computers made from the game's built-in redstone (electricity) mechanics, massive scale replicas of Earth, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cueball's conversation with [[Megan]] indicates that he has previously decided against playing ''Minecraft'' precisely due to its addictive gameplay and lack of internal goal, deeming it unproductive. However, 'productivity' is not something that Cueball believes he can achieve post-extraction, and so Cueball decides that addictive gameplay and lack of internal goal &amp;quot;sounds like the perfect distraction&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately for Megan (and any other users of her server), Cueball, while intoxicated with painkillers, has instead opted to flatten an entire continent and sort it into layers (by type of block, presumably). While there's no real indication of how big the continent is, as ''Minecraft'' worlds are randomly generated, sea level in ''Minecraft'' is at Y level 64, which means he sorted at least 65 layers of a continent large enough to be sufficiently developed, so it is clear that this task would take a lot of time. Collecting a block in ''Minecraft'' takes a certain minimum amount of time, depending on the block type, so even if he did everything as fast as he possibly could, there's still a substantial lower bound.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ironically, in the second panel Megan says she'll set Cueball up on her server, which indicates she probably uses a whitelist to secure the server from griefers who might destroy structures created by others, not expecting that Cueball would do exactly that. The last panel simply illustrates that painkillers tend to make one loopy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text refers to people waking up during surgery. Because anesthesia requires a lot of careful calibration and dosage - there's a reason anesthesiologists are paid hundreds of dollars an hour to be there, after all - it's possible to sometimes get it wrong, resulting in the patient waking up in the middle of the surgery. The three most important parts of anesthetics used for surgery are an analgesic (blocks pain), a sedative (puts you to sleep), and a paralytic (keeps you from moving). The worst-case scenario that most people hear about is when the analgesic and sedative are under-dosed, but the paralytic is correct, leaving the person awake, able to feel pain, but unable to alert the surgeons that anything is wrong. As a result, some countries and medical institutions have passed laws requiring surgeons to monitor brain activity so that these problems can be quickly remedied. The situation the title text is describing, with both the sedative and paralytic wearing out (leaving the person able to write notes), would be quite unlikely. As for confiscating all the pens, it was probably just to keep the patient from disturbing the procedure while the anesthesiologist corrected the dosage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sorting a ''Minecraft'' world into layers like this would be a near impossible task, especially in the version of ''Minecraft'' (Beta 1.2) that was current when this comic was released, which did not even include the enchantment system that allowed for tools that could mine exceptionally fast, meaning that even the sheer time to mine out such a large area would be astronomical, not even considering the time to replace the blocks in proper layers, or to gather resources for the many tools you would need. In later versions of ''Minecraft'', it is possible to naturally generate worlds that resemble the world in this comic using the &amp;quot;superflat&amp;quot; world generation mode, but this was not a feature in ''Minecraft'' when this comic was released.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
:[Megan is seen side-on, with her right arm raised &amp;amp; bent at the elbow to hold a partly-visible cellphone up to her ear. Cueball appears in a small inset panel halfway up the left side of Megan's panel, holding a cell phone against his cheek.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: Hey! Know how you've been bugging me to play Minecraft for the past year? I'm game.&lt;br /&gt;
:Megan, on phone: But you said you didn't want to &amp;quot;get hooked and spend days on end moving virtual cubes around while sitting motionless.&amp;quot; What changed?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[In the second panel, Cueball is sitting in front of a coffee table as seen from his right side, with thin lines representing a stack of magazines on top of the table &amp;amp; a small potted plant with four leaves on the other side.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball, on phone: I'm having my wisdom teeth out, and I'll be useless and doped up on painkillers for the next few days, so that actually sounds like the perfect distraction.&lt;br /&gt;
:Megan, on phone: Oh. I'll set you up on our server!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[A caption box on top of the third panel reads:]&lt;br /&gt;
:: 72 hours later...:&lt;br /&gt;
:[Megan is sitting at a desk, her phone again raised to her right ear. She is looking at a LCD monitor standing on top of her desk, while her left hand is on the keyboard shelf.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Megan, on phone: Hey — starting to feel better? Enjoying the game? Let's see what you've... What the hell? Where ''IS'' everything?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[View of a Minecraft screen showing a vast empty expanse of green land. In Megan's hotbar is, from left to right, an stone pickaxe, sword, and shovel, seven feathers, 42 torches, a non-enchanted bow, a blank space, 64 blocks of stone and a clock. She has full health and 15 armor points.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Megan, offscreen: ...You made the entire continent perfectly flat?&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball, offscreen: And sorted it into layers.&lt;br /&gt;
:Megan, offscreen: ...&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball, offscreen: I feel good about things. This is a good game.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Cueball is sitting on the floor at his laptop, bleeding from the mouth, surrounded by bloody wadded-up tissues and holding a bottle of medication.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Megan, on phone: ...What exactly is in the painkillers they gave you?&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball, woozy: I can't read the label because I'm a hologram.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Megan]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics with color]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics with blood]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Minecraft]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3171:_Geologic_Core_Sample&amp;diff=391398</id>
		<title>3171: Geologic Core Sample</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3171:_Geologic_Core_Sample&amp;diff=391398"/>
				<updated>2025-11-22T00:33:51Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3171&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = November 21, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Geologic Core Sample&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = geologic_core_sample_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 493x789px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = If you drill at the right angle and time things perfectly, your core sample can include a section of a rival team's coring equipment.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|This page was created BY A RIVAL GEOLOGY TEAM. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This image presents a core sample taken by a slightly chaotic team of geologists. Contained within it are fairly normal ground matter such as &amp;quot;topsoil&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;granite&amp;quot; but also such things as &amp;quot;bottomsoil&amp;quot;, which has no IRL parallel, parts of subway cars, arms of a spelunker most likely amputated by the sample, netherrack (a stone appearing in the Nether in Minecraft), a &amp;quot;balrog&amp;quot; wing (referencing a fictional animal from Lord of the Rings which first made an appearance in xkcd  in [https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php/730:_Circuit_Diagram]) and after diving through the core of the earth, the home of someone else. It first starts with cement, the foundation, floorboards and carpet (either a carpeted floor or a decorated floor), and then the posessions&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text humorously refers to a &amp;quot;rival team&amp;quot; and their coring equipment - implying that with the correct angle you can muddle with their own coring experiment, which, outside of cold war-type pettiness, is not considered a constructive approach to science.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete transcript|Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
[This shows a drill sample with various labels]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Topsoil&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Till&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Granite Bedrock&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bottomsoil&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Roof of Subway Car&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Floor of Subway Car&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More Granite&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Municipal water main&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Slightly different granite&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Piece of screaming spelunker's arm&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cool Crystals with no resale value&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mangled Fragments of drillbit from previous attempt&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some boring intrusive rock that's basically granite but has a name like &amp;quot;diorite&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;andalite&amp;quot; that you always have to look up&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Netherrack&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Balrog wig&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Granite&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Topsoil&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cement&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Floorboards&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Carpet&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Possesions of a confused and angry homeowner in the other hemisphere&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Geology]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Charts]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:LOTR]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Animorphs]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Minecraft]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3169:_EPIRBs&amp;diff=391117</id>
		<title>3169: EPIRBs</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3169:_EPIRBs&amp;diff=391117"/>
				<updated>2025-11-18T00:16:56Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3169&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = November 17, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = EPIRBs&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = epirbs_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 317x386px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = 'Oh no, the box is drifting out into the harbor!' 'Yeah, I wouldn't worry about losing it.'&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|This page was created BY AN UNATTENDED DISTRESS BEACON. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An {{w|emergency position-indicating radiobeacon}} (EPIRB) is a maritime safety device that, when it comes in contact with water, sends a distress signal via satellite.  This signal is detected by search and rescue organizations such as the {{w|United States Coast Guard}} so that they can dispatch a rescue team. An EPIRB's purpose is to automatically notify such authorities of emergencies at sea such as ship sinking when it is out of range of radio communications.&lt;br /&gt;
 	&lt;br /&gt;
In the comic Cueball and Megan accidentally drop a box containing 1,600 EPIRBs into the water while moving it from a ship to a dock. Because EPIRBs automatically activate when immersed in water, and apparently the crate contains fully enabled units not otherwise held within waterproof packaging, the result would be 1,600 simultaneous signals of a ship sinking. The text beneath the comic is a quote of them calling the Coast Guard to again apologize for the overwhelming flood of signals. The joke of the comic is that the automatic nature of EPIRBs could allow such an overload if a package of them were dropped in water, and that it would cause difficulty an for a search and rescue group to receive so many signals at once.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In reality, EPIRBs usually require some sort of pre-activation and would not be in an operable state when packaged in transit and prior to sale or installation on a vessel.  In addition, instead of overwhelming emergency response, 1,600 simultaneous signals in a harbor could almost immediately be discounted as an accident or glitch, and not monopolize search and rescue assets. However, it may cause initial panic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text continues the joke about the nature of EPIRBs.  Because they continuously broadcast their location (particularly modern GPIRBs with a GPS feature to provide an actual location and not just a signal to home in on), there is no reason to worry about the box floating out of the harbor and getting lost, because there is no risk of &amp;quot;losing&amp;quot; it - there will be 1,600 separate signals indicating where to recover the box.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete transcript|Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
[:Cueball and Megan are on a bridge between a ship and a dock with wood. There is a cart and they drop a box with this text on it]&lt;br /&gt;
EPRIB&lt;br /&gt;
Water-Activated Distress Beacons&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=958:_Hotels&amp;diff=391036</id>
		<title>958: Hotels</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=958:_Hotels&amp;diff=391036"/>
				<updated>2025-11-17T00:30:25Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: /* Explanation */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 958&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = September 30, 2011&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Hotels&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = hotels.png&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = 'Rating: 1/5. Room filled to brim with semen, and when front desk clerk opened mouth to talk, bedbugs poured out.'&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this comic, [[Black Hat]] is giving all the hotels he has stayed at, likes, and wants to stay in again bad reviews, in order to lower demand for said hotel. He is simultaneously putting good reviews on bad hotels to steer other people there so there are more vacancies at good hotels. He also claims he is not influential enough to personally put the good hotels out of business. But even if he didn't put the hotels out of business, the market would certainly still be affected, and all so he could enjoy a lower price though such a price drop would be equally minute compared to the chance of them going out of business, once again proving he's a [[classhole]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cueball objects that, if this practice became widespread, the good hotels would all go out of business. Black Hat responds by invoking the {{w|Tragedy of the commons|tragedy of the commons}}. The tragedy of the commons is a classic thought experiment which posits a group of farmers sharing a common grazing field. It would be in each farmer's self interest to graze as many cattle as possible to make as much money as possible. If all the farmers did this, they'd overgraze the land, ultimately making it useless for grazing. The &amp;quot;tragedy&amp;quot; is that, assuming self-interested farmers and nothing to restrict their actions, this outcome would be inevitable. Even knowing the dangers of overgrazing the land, each farmer would know that others would overgraze it, and therefore would want to profit as much as they could before it was all destroyed. Black Hat uses this to explain his own reasoning: his actions don't determine what other people do, he clearly rejects the notion of an implied social contract, and so he's simply going to act in his own self-interest, regardless of whether other people do the same. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the last frame, Black Hat references the {{w|invisible hand}} which is the term coined by {{w|Adam Smith}} and used by economists use to describe the self-regulating nature of the marketplace. Black Hat appears to be taking advantage of this metaphorical invisible hand by cutting it with a knife and eating it, which is equivalent to manipulating the market.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text is an example of Black Hat's negative reviews, which in itself is a surrealist joke about the hotel. A somewhat believable (if exaggerated) set of complaints about an awful hotel would be : &amp;quot;Room filled to brim with bedbugs, and when front desk clerk opened mouth to talk, semen poured out&amp;quot;. However instead, the objects of focus are reversed, creating a ridiculous scenario for the reader to enjoy, if they are not too disgusted by the imagery of the text.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
:[Cueball is sitting at a desk with a laptop, looking at a review website]&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: What's with this negative review? You ''liked'' that hotel.&lt;br /&gt;
:Black Hat: I have a script that posts a bad review for every hotel I stay at. It reduces demand, which means more vacancies and lower prices next time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: What if the place sucks?&lt;br /&gt;
:Black Hat: I change the review to positive to steer other people over there.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: You punish companies you like!&lt;br /&gt;
:Black Hat: The odds of ''my'' review putting a hotel out of business are negligible.&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: If we all did that the system would collapse!&lt;br /&gt;
:Black Hat: Doesn't affect my logic. Tragedy of the commons.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: That's not even the tragedy of the commons anymore. That's the tragedy of you're a dick.&lt;br /&gt;
:Black Hat: If you're quick with a knife, you'll find that the invisible hand is made of delicious invisible meat.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Black Hat]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Psychology]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Computers]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Sarcasm]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Online reviews]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=Talk:3167:_Car_Size&amp;diff=390746</id>
		<title>Talk:3167: Car Size</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=Talk:3167:_Car_Size&amp;diff=390746"/>
				<updated>2025-11-12T23:30:57Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;!-- Please sign your posts with ~~~~ and don't delete this text. New comments should be added at the bottom. --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
It is I, broseph. [[User:Broseph|Broseph]] ([[User talk:Broseph|talk]]) 19:45, 12 November 2025 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
:MY LETTERS ARE BIGGER THAN YOURS!!! &amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 16px;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;--'''''[[User:DollarStoreBa'al|&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;color:#E3C6BE&amp;quot;&amp;gt;DollarStoreBa'al&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;]]&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[[User Talk:DollarStoreBa'al|&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;color:#CC9A8B&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Converse&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;]]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt; 20:15, 12 November 2025 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
tears of the kingdom be like [[Special:Contributions/128.135.204.243|128.135.204.243]] 20:49, 12 November 2025 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Did someone say {{w|Not Just Bikes}}? https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0intLFzLaudFG-xAvUEO-A --[[Special:Contributions/62.0.12.1|62.0.12.1]] 20:50, 12 November 2025 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On the (current) closing paragraph of the Explanation, note that (at least where I am) it is illegal to ride a bike on the footway, unless specifically signed and permitted as a shared/split pavement area. As a cyclist, I really wouldn't even want to (or to increase fellow motorists' misconceptions that they exclusively own the road) when it's a perfectly good highway, but 'people on bikes' seem to do what they like and perpetuate such misunderstandings. [[Special:Contributions/82.132.244.30|82.132.244.30]] 21:41, 12 November 2025 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
:It's illegal here too, and I've added a note to that effect. As a cyclist, I do sometimes ride on sidewalks where sharing a road with cars is just too dangerous, but I try to be extremely cautious in my interactions with pedestrians. They've got the right of way; I don't. [[User:BunsenH|BunsenH]] ([[User talk:BunsenH|talk]]) 23:06, 12 November 2025 (UTC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Pretty good comic [[User:Mathmaster|Mathmaster]] ([[User talk:Mathmaster|talk]])&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3167:_Car_Size&amp;diff=390745</id>
		<title>3167: Car Size</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3167:_Car_Size&amp;diff=390745"/>
				<updated>2025-11-12T23:30:42Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3167&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = November 12, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Car Size&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = car_size_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 348x754px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = 'They really shouldn't let those small cars drive in traffic. I worry I'm going to kill someone if I hit one! They should have to drive on the sidewalk, safely out of the way.'&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|This page was created BY A CAR WITH AN ICBM. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
This comic demonstrates one reason why vehicles have gotten progressively larger and more powerful, due to a type of {{w|arms race}} between drivers. When vehicles of different sizes share the road, passengers in the smaller ones will usually be more at risk in collisions due to the larger amount of force exerted. They have less momentum, and the body construction material generally provides less protection. So, for safety reasons, people have incentive to buy larger cars. This, according to the comic causes a cycle of increasingly larger cars, although this is absurd due to the cost and speed of giant cars.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the &amp;quot;Soon&amp;quot; panel, Randall has extrapolated this to adding spiked armor and weaponry to large cars, and other drivers will need to do the same to compete on the road. This scenario is reminiscent of the vehicles from the {{w|Mad Max}} franchise. This would almost certainly never happen in real life,{{cn}} as there would be no reason at all to introduce weaponry to cars in the first place. ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nJtXiK7bPk/ unless you're driving a Renault Twingo])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text views this from the opposite perspective. The owner of a large car is worried that they'll kill people in small cars, so they shouldn't drive on the road at all. This may result in the opposite process in the comic, where small cars become forced to be smaller and more specialized to drive on sidewalks...until they just become bicycles again.  Of course, the suggestion that small cars should drive on sidewalks is even worse than being on the road, as it would put many pedestrians in danger; this is already a legitimate complaint regarding the riding of cycles on footways, where this is not supposed to be done (and even where it is), due to thoughtless behaviour of some bike riders.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Driving the smallest cars in pedestrian spaces is obviously absurd, but people suggest that bikes should do the same for their own safety (more often motorists might suggest this, pedestrians significantly less so). Forcing bicycles to be ridden on the sidewalk is the cheapest way to keep cyclists safe if we are not allowed to inconvenience drivers, but is a car-centric view that (like the comic shows) abandons common sense and consideration for others and replaces it with a &amp;quot;might makes right&amp;quot; attitude and making it &amp;quot;somebody else's problem&amp;quot;, at a cost of increased risk of collisions with pedestrians, putting both in danger. Biking on sidewalks is currently illegal in many jurisdictions because of these risks.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete transcript|Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[The comic is made up of four panels, each featuring Cueball talking to Megan or vice versa, both of them surrounded by progressively larger vehicles.]&lt;br /&gt;
:[Panel one is labeled &amp;quot;100 years ago.&amp;quot; Cueball and Megan are standing with a bicycle to the left of them and an old-fashioned car to their right.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: It's too dangerous riding a bike with these cars around. I should get a car, too.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Panel two is labeled &amp;quot;50 years ago.&amp;quot; Cueball and Megan are standing between a small hatchback (right) and a slightly larger sedan (left).]&lt;br /&gt;
:Megan: Small cars are less safe in collisions with larger vehicles, so I should get a bigger one.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Panel three is labeled &amp;quot;Today.&amp;quot; Cueball and Megan are standing between a large SUV (left) and an even larger SUV (right).]&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: Everyone has huge SUVs now. If I don't get the biggest one, I'm putting my family at risk.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Panel four is labeled &amp;quot;Soon.&amp;quot; Cueball and Megan are standing to the left of a massive SUV with metal plates bolted to its side, spiked panels attached to the front and back, and two giant spiked clubs hanging from a rotor on top of the car. Another massive spiked club is visible coming from the left of the panel, presumably attached to a similar car. Megan has both arms on her side.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Megan: If I don't install more whirling spike clubs, I'll be destroyed by all the other drivers who...&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3167:_Car_Size&amp;diff=390744</id>
		<title>3167: Car Size</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3167:_Car_Size&amp;diff=390744"/>
				<updated>2025-11-12T23:28:33Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3167&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = November 12, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Car Size&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = car_size_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 348x754px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = 'They really shouldn't let those small cars drive in traffic. I worry I'm going to kill someone if I hit one! They should have to drive on the sidewalk, safely out of the way.'&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|This page was created BY A CAR WITH AN ICBM. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
This comic demonstrates one reason why vehicles have gotten progressively larger and more powerful, due to a type of {{w|arms race}}. When vehicles of different sizes share the road, passengers in the smaller ones will usually be more at risk in collisions due to the larger amount of force exerted. They have less momentum, and the body construction material generally provides less protection. So, for safety reasons, people have incentive to buy larger cars. This, according to the comic causes a cycle of increasingly larger cars, although this is absurd due to the cost and speed of giant cars.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the &amp;quot;Soon&amp;quot; panel, Randall has extrapolated this to adding spiked armor and weaponry to large cars, and other drivers will need to do the same to compete on the road. This scenario is reminiscent of the vehicles from the {{w|Mad Max}} franchise. This would almost certainly never happen in real life,{{cn}} as there would be no reason at all to introduce weaponry to cars in the first place. ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nJtXiK7bPk/ unless you're driving a Renault Twingo])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text views this from the opposite perspective. The owner of a large car is worried that they'll kill people in small cars, so they shouldn't drive on the road at all. This may result in the opposite process in the comic, where small cars become forced to be smaller and more specialized to drive on sidewalks...until they just become bicycles again.  Of course, the suggestion that small cars should drive on sidewalks is even worse than being on the road, as it would put many pedestrians in danger; this is already a legitimate complaint regarding the riding of cycles on footways, where this is not supposed to be done (and even where it is), due to thoughtless behaviour of some bike riders.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Driving the smallest cars in pedestrian spaces is obviously absurd, but people suggest that bikes should do the same for their own safety (more often motorists might suggest this, pedestrians significantly less so). Forcing bicycles to be ridden on the sidewalk is the cheapest way to keep cyclists safe if we are not allowed to inconvenience drivers, but is a car-centric view that (like the comic shows) abandons common sense and consideration for others and replaces it with a &amp;quot;might makes right&amp;quot; attitude and making it &amp;quot;somebody else's problem&amp;quot;, at a cost of increased risk of collisions with pedestrians, putting both in danger. Biking on sidewalks is currently illegal in many jurisdictions because of these risks.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete transcript|Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[The comic is made up of four panels, each featuring Cueball talking to Megan or vice versa, both of them surrounded by progressively larger vehicles.]&lt;br /&gt;
:[Panel one is labeled &amp;quot;100 years ago.&amp;quot; Cueball and Megan are standing with a bicycle to the left of them and an old-fashioned car to their right.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: It's too dangerous riding a bike with these cars around. I should get a car, too.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Panel two is labeled &amp;quot;50 years ago.&amp;quot; Cueball and Megan are standing between a small hatchback (right) and a slightly larger sedan (left).]&lt;br /&gt;
:Megan: Small cars are less safe in collisions with larger vehicles, so I should get a bigger one.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Panel three is labeled &amp;quot;Today.&amp;quot; Cueball and Megan are standing between a large SUV (left) and an even larger SUV (right).]&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: Everyone has huge SUVs now. If I don't get the biggest one, I'm putting my family at risk.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Panel four is labeled &amp;quot;Soon.&amp;quot; Cueball and Megan are standing to the left of a massive SUV with metal plates bolted to its side, spiked panels attached to the front and back, and two giant spiked clubs hanging from a rotor on top of the car. Another massive spiked club is visible coming from the left of the panel, presumably attached to a similar car. Megan has both arms on her side.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Megan: If I don't install more whirling spike clubs, I'll be destroyed by all the other drivers who...&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3167:_Car_Size&amp;diff=390743</id>
		<title>3167: Car Size</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3167:_Car_Size&amp;diff=390743"/>
				<updated>2025-11-12T23:27:55Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3167&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = November 12, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Car Size&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = car_size_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 348x754px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = 'They really shouldn't let those small cars drive in traffic. I worry I'm going to kill someone if I hit one! They should have to drive on the sidewalk, safely out of the way.'&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|This page was created BY A CAR WITH AN ICBM. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
This comic demonstrates one reason why vehicles have gotten progressively larger and more powerful, due to a type of {{w|arms race}}. When vehicles of different sizes share the road, passengers in the smaller ones will usually be more at risk in collisions due to the larger amount of force exerted. They have less momentum, and the body construction material generally provides less protection. So, for safety reasons, people have incentive to buy larger cars. This, according to the comic causes a cycle of increasingly larger cars, although this is absurd due to the cost and speed of giant cars.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the &amp;quot;Soon&amp;quot; panel, Randall has extrapolated this to adding spiked armor and weaponry to large cars, and other drivers will need to do the same to compete on the road. This scenario is reminiscent of the vehicles from the {{w|Mad Max}} franchise. This would almost certainly never happen in real life,{{cn}} as there would be no reason at all to introduce weaponry to cars in the first place. ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nJtXiK7bPk/ unless you're driving a Renault Twingo])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text views this from the opposite perspective. The owner of a large car is worried that they'll kill people in small cars, so they shouldn't drive on the road at all. This may result in the opposite process in the comic, where small cars become forced to be smaller and more specialized to drive on sidewalks...until they just become bicycles again.  Of course, the suggestion that small cars should drive on sidewalks is even worse than being on the road, as it would put many pedestrians in danger; this is already a legitimate complaint regarding the riding of cycles on footways, where this is not supposed to be done (and even where it is), due to thoughtless behaviour of some bike riders.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Driving the smallest cars in pedestrian spaces is obviously absurd, but people suggest that bikes should do the same for their own safety (more often motorists might suggest this, pedestrians significantly less so). Forcing bicycles to be ridden on the sidewalk is the cheapest way to keep cyclists safe if we are not allowed to inconvenience drivers, but is a car-centric view that (like the comic shows) abandons common sense and consideration for others and replaces it with a &amp;quot;might makes right&amp;quot; attitude and making it &amp;quot;somebody else's problem&amp;quot;, at a cost of increased risk of collisions with pedestrians, putting both in danger. Biking on sidewalks is currently illegal in many jurisdictions because of these risks.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete transcript|Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[The comic is made up of four panels, each featuring Cueball talking to Megan or vice versa, both of them surrounded by progressively larger vehicles.]&lt;br /&gt;
:[Panel one is labeled &amp;quot;100 years ago.&amp;quot; Cueball and Megan are standing with a bicycle to the left of them and an old-fashioned car to their right.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: It's too dangerous riding a bike with these cars around. I should get a car, too.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Panel two is labeled &amp;quot;50 years ago.&amp;quot; Cueball and Megan are standing between a small hatchback (right) and a slightly larger sedan (left).]&lt;br /&gt;
:Megan: Small cars are less safe in collisions with larger vehicles, so I should get a bigger one.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Panel three is labeled &amp;quot;Today.&amp;quot; Cueball and Megan are standing between a large SUV (left) and an even larger SUV (right).]&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: Everyone has huge SUVs now. If I don't get the biggest one, I'm putting my family at risk.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Panel four is labeled &amp;quot;Soon.&amp;quot; Cueball and Megan are standing to the left of a massive SUV with metal plates bolted to its side, spiked panels attached to the front and back, and two giant spiked clubs hanging from a rotor on top of the car. Another massive spiked club is visible coming from the left of the panel, presumably attached to a similar car.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Megan: If I don't install more whirling spike clubs, I'll be destroyed by all the other drivers who...&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3164:_Metric_Tip&amp;diff=390626</id>
		<title>3164: Metric Tip</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3164:_Metric_Tip&amp;diff=390626"/>
				<updated>2025-11-11T23:29:55Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3164&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = November 5, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Metric Tip&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = metric_tip_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 187x322px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = The package weighs 7 kg 9 oz.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
This comic parodies the common advice for people converting between one {{w|unit of measurement|system of measurement}} and another, which is to 'do it in steps'. In this case, instead of doing it normally (i.e. converting each part of the measurement to metric, combining them, and then saying the complete converted measurement), [[Cueball]]'s response to [[White Hat]]'s question is to give the first part of the measurement in the {{w|Imperial units|imperial system}} (or the practically equivalent {{w|United States customary units}}), and then the second part in {{w|Metric system|metric}}. This is worse than saying it all in one single system, as it is much more awkward and confusing for the receiver.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text gives another example of Cueball's conversion system, in which he gives the weight (or ''perhaps'' {{w|Weight#Mass|mass}}) of a package as being seven kilograms and nine ounces, converting between metric and imperial partway through the statement (rather than starting with imperial and ending with metric). However, this is [[technically]] worse, as kilograms are strictly a unit of mass whereas ounces ''can'' be a unit of mass but are usually effectively either one of {{w|Ounce#Definitions|a number of measurements of weight}} ''or'' (in line with popular US usage) a {{w|Fluid ounce|volume}} measurement. In this case, 7 kg 9 oz is approximately 16 lbs or 265 ounces (which in turn would be exactly 0.008 short tons; or about 0.00714 long tons, 7.255 kg, 37,588.652 carats, 333,415,012.56 Planck masses, etc).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A strategy for transitioning to the metric system was also mentioned in [[526: Converting to Metric]], although in that case the strategy was a practical one, unlike this comic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[:Category:Multiple Cueballs|This Cueball's]] height is 5'9&amp;quot; (176 cm), the {{w|Average human height by country|average}} for a white male adult in the United States.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
:[White Hat and Cueball are standing and facing each other.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:White Hat: How tall are you?&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: 5&amp;amp;nbsp;ft 24&amp;amp;nbsp;cm&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Caption below the panel:]  &lt;br /&gt;
:When switching to metric, make the process easier by doing it in steps.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring White Hat]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Tips]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3165:_Earthquake_Prediction_Flowchart&amp;diff=390490</id>
		<title>3165: Earthquake Prediction Flowchart</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3165:_Earthquake_Prediction_Flowchart&amp;diff=390490"/>
				<updated>2025-11-10T05:01:38Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: /* Explanation */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3165&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = November 7, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Earthquake Prediction Flowchart&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = earthquake_prediction_flowchart_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 318x494px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = At least people who make religious predictions of the apocalypse have an answer to the question 'Why didn't you predict any of the other ones that happened recently?'&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|This page was created EXACTLY 3.1415926 YEARS BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The comic purports to depict a flowchart demonstrating whether you should believe someone claiming to be able to predict {{w|earthquakes}}. However, this &amp;quot;flowchart&amp;quot; immediately leads to a hard '''NO''', with a brief description on why. [https://www.iris.edu/hq/inclass/fact-sheet/how_often_do_earthquakes_occur Earthquakes happen all the time], so if someone claims they can predict them, we'd have their methodology proven or disproven almost immediately. And, if it's reliable, seismologists would be parading it around as a revolutionary discovery. Thus, there should be no remaining need to consult a flowchart on the matter. Another interperatiation is that seismologists will get mad over claiming useless facts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this context it is noteworthy that six Italian seismologists, volcanologists and engineers were {{w|2009 L'Aquila earthquake#Prosecutions|charged for manslaughter}} in the aftermath of the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake, on the basis of having been &amp;quot;falsely reassuring&amp;quot;. Six days before the earthquake killed 308 people, they convened in a committee meeting, and decided that there was no reason to warn the population over the highly tentative possibility that minor geological activity was a sign that something more major ''might'' be imminent. Seven years after the quake, they were finally cleared of any wrongdoing. At other times, 'warnings' have been issued that did ''not'' clearly precede any actual disasters, and there are clearly many arguments about whether or not to risk &amp;quot;{{w|The Boy Who Cried Wolf|crying wolf}}&amp;quot; on flimsy evidence, especially when there is always the confusing possibility of coincidentally warning about {{w|2009 L'Aquila earthquake#Prior warning|a different 'wolf'}} from the real one that was not spotted in time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This strip is similar to [[1723: Meteorite Identification]], as a one-step flowchart ending in a firm ''no''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text compares those who claim to predict earthquakes to those who claim to predict the end of the world, for example based on their religion. A prominent argument against those who claim to be able to predict non-apocalyptic disasters, like earthquakes, is that the &amp;quot;predictor&amp;quot; has not predicted any such disasters ''prior'' to their claim. An apocalypse, however, is not something that has occurred before, and generally only happens once.{{Citation needed}} Thus, unlike an earthquake predictor, anyone predicting an apocalypse will not need to explain any failures ({{w|False positives and false negatives|false negatives}}) in predicting other apocalypses. People who have ''previously'' predicted an apocalypse and failed to have it come about (i.e. a false positive), should be exceptions, but {{w|Harold Camping|such people}} never seem to lose credibility with their more devout followers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
:[Caption above a flowchart:]&lt;br /&gt;
:Someone is claiming to predict the exact date of a future earthquake.&lt;br /&gt;
:Should you listen?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[At the top of the flowchart is a wide diamond with the following text:]&lt;br /&gt;
:Start&lt;br /&gt;
:[An arrow points down to a rectangle with the following text:]&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;'''NO'''&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:(There are big earthquakes constantly, so if anyone ever '''''does''''' figure this out, it will be immediately obvious that their method works and the world's seismologists will not shut up about it.&lt;br /&gt;
:You won't need this flowchart.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Earthquakes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Flowcharts]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3165:_Earthquake_Prediction_Flowchart&amp;diff=390489</id>
		<title>3165: Earthquake Prediction Flowchart</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3165:_Earthquake_Prediction_Flowchart&amp;diff=390489"/>
				<updated>2025-11-10T05:01:04Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3165&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = November 7, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Earthquake Prediction Flowchart&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = earthquake_prediction_flowchart_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 318x494px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = At least people who make religious predictions of the apocalypse have an answer to the question 'Why didn't you predict any of the other ones that happened recently?'&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
The comic purports to depict a flowchart demonstrating whether you should believe someone claiming to be able to predict {{w|earthquakes}}. However, this &amp;quot;flowchart&amp;quot; immediately leads to a hard '''NO''', with a brief description on why. [https://www.iris.edu/hq/inclass/fact-sheet/how_often_do_earthquakes_occur Earthquakes happen all the time], so if someone claims they can predict them, we'd have their methodology proven or disproven almost immediately. And, if it's reliable, seismologists would be parading it around as a revolutionary discovery. Thus, there should be no remaining need to consult a flowchart on the matter. Another interperatiation is that seismologists will get mad over claiming useless facts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this context it is noteworthy that six Italian seismologists, volcanologists and engineers were {{w|2009 L'Aquila earthquake#Prosecutions|charged for manslaughter}} in the aftermath of the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake, on the basis of having been &amp;quot;falsely reassuring&amp;quot;. Six days before the earthquake killed 308 people, they convened in a committee meeting, and decided that there was no reason to warn the population over the highly tentative possibility that minor geological activity was a sign that something more major ''might'' be imminent. Seven years after the quake, they were finally cleared of any wrongdoing. At other times, 'warnings' have been issued that did ''not'' clearly precede any actual disasters, and there are clearly many arguments about whether or not to risk &amp;quot;{{w|The Boy Who Cried Wolf|crying wolf}}&amp;quot; on flimsy evidence, especially when there is always the confusing possibility of coincidentally warning about {{w|2009 L'Aquila earthquake#Prior warning|a different 'wolf'}} from the real one that was not spotted in time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This strip is similar to [[1723: Meteorite Identification]], as a one-step flowchart ending in a firm ''no''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text compares those who claim to predict earthquakes to those who claim to predict the end of the world, for example based on their religion. A prominent argument against those who claim to be able to predict non-apocalyptic disasters, like earthquakes, is that the &amp;quot;predictor&amp;quot; has not predicted any such disasters ''prior'' to their claim. An apocalypse, however, is not something that has occurred before, and generally only happens once.{{Citation needed}} Thus, unlike an earthquake predictor, anyone predicting an apocalypse will not need to explain any failures ({{w|False positives and false negatives|false negatives}}) in predicting other apocalypses. People who have ''previously'' predicted an apocalypse and failed to have it come about (i.e. a false positive), should be exceptions, but {{w|Harold Camping|such people}} never seem to lose credibility with their more devout followers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
:[Caption above a flowchart:]&lt;br /&gt;
:Someone is claiming to predict the exact date of a future earthquake.&lt;br /&gt;
:Should you listen?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[At the top of the flowchart is a wide diamond with the following text:]&lt;br /&gt;
:Start&lt;br /&gt;
:[An arrow points down to a rectangle with the following text:]&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;'''NO'''&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:(There are big earthquakes constantly, so if anyone ever '''''does''''' figure this out, it will be immediately obvious that their method works and the world's seismologists will not shut up about it.&lt;br /&gt;
:You won't need this flowchart.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Earthquakes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Flowcharts]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3165:_Earthquake_Prediction_Flowchart&amp;diff=390488</id>
		<title>3165: Earthquake Prediction Flowchart</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3165:_Earthquake_Prediction_Flowchart&amp;diff=390488"/>
				<updated>2025-11-10T05:00:41Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3165&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = November 7, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Earthquake Prediction Flowchart&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = earthquake_prediction_flowchart_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 318x494px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = At least people who make religious predictions of the apocalypse have an answer to the question 'Why didn't you predict any of the other ones that happened recently?'&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
The comic purports to depict a flowchart demonstrating whether you should believe someone claiming to be able to predict {{w|earthquakes}}. However, this &amp;quot;flowchart&amp;quot; immediately leads to a hard '''NO''', with a brief description on why. [https://www.iris.edu/hq/inclass/fact-sheet/how_often_do_earthquakes_occur Earthquakes happen all the time], so if someone claims they can predict them, we'd have their methodology proven or disproven almost immediately. And, if it's reliable, seismologists would be parading it around as a revolutionary discovery. Thus, there should be no remaining need to consult a flowchart on the matter. Another interperatiation is that seismologists will get mad over claiming useless facts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this context it is noteworthy that six Italian seismologists, volcanologists and engineers were {{w|2009 L'Aquila earthquake#Prosecutions|charged for manslaughter}} in the aftermath of the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake, on the basis of having been &amp;quot;falsely reassuring&amp;quot;. Six days before the earthquake killed 308 people, they convened in a committee meeting, and decided that there was no reason to warn the population over the highly tentative possibility that minor geological activity was a sign that something more major ''might'' be imminent. Seven years after the quake, they were finally cleared of any wrongdoing. At other times, 'warnings' have been issued that did ''not'' clearly precede any actual disasters, and there are clearly many arguments about whether or not to risk &amp;quot;{{w|The Boy Who Cried Wolf|crying wolf}}&amp;quot; on flimsy evidence, especially when there is always the confusing possibility of coincidentally warning about {{w|2009 L'Aquila earthquake#Prior warning|a different 'wolf'}} from the real one that was not spotted in time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This strip is similar to [[1723: Meteorite Identification]], as a one-step flowchart ending in a firm ''no''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text compares those who claim to predict earthquakes to those who claim to predict the end of the world, for example based on their religion. A prominent argument against those who claim to be able to predict non-apocalyptic disasters, like earthquakes, is that the &amp;quot;predictor&amp;quot; has not predicted any such disasters ''prior'' to their claim. An apocalypse, however, is not something that has occurred before, and generally only happens once.{{Citation needed}} Thus, unlike an earthquake predictor, anyone predicting an apocalypse will not need to explain any failures ({{w|False positives and false negatives|false negatives}}) in predicting other apocalypses. People who have ''previously'' predicted an apocalypse and failed to have it come about (i.e. a false positive), should be exceptions, but {{w|Harold Camping|such people}} never seem to lose credibility with their more devout followers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete transcript|Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
:[Caption above a flowchart:]&lt;br /&gt;
:Someone is claiming to predict the exact date of a future earthquake.&lt;br /&gt;
:Should you listen?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[At the top of the flowchart is a wide diamond with the following text:]&lt;br /&gt;
:Start&lt;br /&gt;
:[An arrow points down to a rectangle with the following text:]&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;'''NO'''&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:(There are big earthquakes constantly, so if anyone ever '''''does''''' figure this out, it will be immediately obvious that their method works and the world's seismologists will not shut up about it.&lt;br /&gt;
:You won't need this flowchart.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Earthquakes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Flowcharts]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3165:_Earthquake_Prediction_Flowchart&amp;diff=390480</id>
		<title>3165: Earthquake Prediction Flowchart</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3165:_Earthquake_Prediction_Flowchart&amp;diff=390480"/>
				<updated>2025-11-09T23:34:35Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3165&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = November 7, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Earthquake Prediction Flowchart&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = earthquake_prediction_flowchart_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 318x494px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = At least people who make religious predictions of the apocalypse have an answer to the question 'Why didn't you predict any of the other ones that happened recently?'&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|This page was created EXACTLY 3.14159 YEARS BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
The comic purports to depict a flowchart demonstrating whether you should believe someone claiming to be able to predict {{w|earthquakes}}. However, this &amp;quot;flowchart&amp;quot; immediately leads to a hard '''NO''', with a brief description on why. [https://www.iris.edu/hq/inclass/fact-sheet/how_often_do_earthquakes_occur Earthquakes happen all the time], so if someone claims they can predict them, we'd have their methodology proven or disproven almost immediately. And, if it's reliable, seismologists would be parading it around as a revolutionary discovery. Thus, there should be no remaining need to consult a flowchart on the matter. Another interperatiation is that seismologists will get mad over claiming useless facts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this context it is noteworthy that six Italian seismologists, volcanologists and engineers were {{w|2009 L'Aquila earthquake#Prosecutions|charged for manslaughter}} in the aftermath of the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake, on the basis of having been &amp;quot;falsely reassuring&amp;quot;. Six days before the earthquake killed 308 people, they convened in a committee meeting, and decided that there was no reason to warn the population over the highly tentative possibility that minor geological activity was a sign that something more major ''might'' be imminent. Seven years after the quake, they were finally cleared of any wrongdoing. At other times, 'warnings' have been issued that did ''not'' clearly precede any actual disasters, and there are clearly many arguments about whether or not to risk &amp;quot;{{w|The Boy Who Cried Wolf|crying wolf}}&amp;quot; on flimsy evidence, especially when there is always the confusing possibility of coincidentally warning about {{w|2009 L'Aquila earthquake#Prior warning|a different 'wolf'}} from the real one that was not spotted in time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This strip is similar to [[1723: Meteorite Identification]], as a one-step flowchart ending in a firm ''no''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text compares those who claim to predict earthquakes to those who claim to predict the end of the world, for example based on their religion. A prominent argument against those who claim to be able to predict non-apocalyptic disasters, like earthquakes, is that the &amp;quot;predictor&amp;quot; has not predicted any such disasters ''prior'' to their claim. An apocalypse, however, is not something that has occurred before, and generally only happens once.{{Citation needed}} Thus, unlike an earthquake predictor, anyone predicting an apocalypse will not need to explain any failures ({{w|False positives and false negatives|false negatives}}) in predicting other apocalypses. People who have ''previously'' predicted an apocalypse and failed to have it come about (i.e. a false positive), should be exceptions, but {{w|Harold Camping|such people}} never seem to lose credibility with their more devout followers.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete transcript|Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
:[Caption above a flowchart:]&lt;br /&gt;
:Someone is claiming to predict the exact date of a future earthquake.&lt;br /&gt;
:Should you listen?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[At the top of the flowchart is a wide diamond with the following text:]&lt;br /&gt;
:Start&lt;br /&gt;
:[An arrow points down to a rectangle with the following text:]&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;'''NO'''&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:(There are big earthquakes constantly, so if anyone ever '''''does''''' figure this out, it will be immediately obvious that their method works and the world's seismologists will not shut up about it.&lt;br /&gt;
:You won't need this flowchart.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Earthquakes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Flowcharts]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3165:_Earthquake_Prediction_Flowchart&amp;diff=390422</id>
		<title>3165: Earthquake Prediction Flowchart</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3165:_Earthquake_Prediction_Flowchart&amp;diff=390422"/>
				<updated>2025-11-08T04:40:11Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3165&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = November 7, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Earthquake Prediction Flowchart&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = earthquake_prediction_flowchart_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 318x494px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = At least people who make religious predictions of the apocalypse have an answer to the question 'Why didn't you predict any of the other ones that happened recently?'&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|This page was created EXACTLY 3.14159 YEARS BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
The comic is about how easily falsifiable a claim of a method of predicting earthquakes is,  stylized as a flowchart. Earthquakes happen all the time{{Citation needed}}, so if someone claims they can predict them, we'd have their methodology proven or disproven almost immediately, and if it's reliable, seismologists would be parading it around as a revolutionary discovery.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text is a reference to the lack of recent religious apocalypses.{{Citation needed}} Thus, unlike an earthquake predictor, anyone predicting an apocalypse will at least not need to explain any failures in predicting other apocalypses, due to these apocalypses ending the world and bringing about something new.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete transcript|Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
:[Caption above a flowchart:]&lt;br /&gt;
:Someone is claiming to predict the exact date of a future earthquake.&lt;br /&gt;
:Should you listen?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[At the top of the flowchart is a wide diamond with the following text:]&lt;br /&gt;
:Start&lt;br /&gt;
:[An arrow points down to a rectangle with the following text:]&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;'''NO'''&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:(There are big earthquakes constantly, so if anyone ever '''''does''''' figure this out, it will be immediately obvious that their method works and the world's seismologists will not shut up about it.&lt;br /&gt;
:You won't need this flowchart.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Earthquakes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Flowcharts]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3165:_Earthquake_Prediction_Flowchart&amp;diff=390421</id>
		<title>3165: Earthquake Prediction Flowchart</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3165:_Earthquake_Prediction_Flowchart&amp;diff=390421"/>
				<updated>2025-11-08T04:38:20Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3165&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = November 7, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Earthquake Prediction Flowchart&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = earthquake_prediction_flowchart_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 318x494px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = At least people who make religious predictions of the apocalypse have an answer to the question 'Why didn't you predict any of the other ones that happened recently?'&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|This page was created EXACTLY 3.14159 YEARS BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
The comic is about how easily falsifiable a claim of a method of predicting earthquakes is,  stylized as a flowchart. Earthquakes happen all the time{{Citation needed}}, so if someone claims they can predict them, we'd have their methodology proven or disproven almost immediately, and if it's reliable, seismologists would be parading it around as a revolutionary discovery.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text is a reference to the lack of recent religious apocalypses.{{Citation needed}} Thus, unlike an earthquake predictor, anyone predicting an apocalypse will at least not need to explain any failures in predicting other apocalypses, due to these apocalypses being single.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete transcript|Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
:[Caption above a flowchart:]&lt;br /&gt;
:Someone is claiming to predict the exact date of a future earthquake.&lt;br /&gt;
:Should you listen?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[At the top of the flowchart is a wide diamond with the following text:]&lt;br /&gt;
:Start&lt;br /&gt;
:[An arrow points down to a rectangle with the following text:]&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;big&amp;gt;'''NO'''&amp;lt;/big&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
:(There are big earthquakes constantly, so if anyone ever '''''does''''' figure this out, it will be immediately obvious that their method works and the world's seismologists will not shut up about it.&lt;br /&gt;
:You won't need this flowchart.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Earthquakes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Flowcharts]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3148:_100%25_All_Achievements&amp;diff=390398</id>
		<title>3148: 100% All Achievements</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3148:_100%25_All_Achievements&amp;diff=390398"/>
				<updated>2025-11-08T00:12:30Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3148&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = September 29, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = 100% All Achievements&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = 100_all_achievements_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 271x475px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = I'm trying to share my footage of the full run to prove it's not tool-assisted, but the uploader has problems with video lengths of more than a decade.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
100% All Achievements is a category of {{w|Speedrunning|video game speedruns}} where the goal is to do everything possible in the game, as fast as possible. Many games have a progress bar to track completion of the game, making the &amp;quot;100%&amp;quot; criterion officially defined. &amp;quot;Achievements,&amp;quot; also known as &amp;quot;trophies&amp;quot; for games on Sony-branded consoles, are another way to track accomplishments, either tracked within the game itself or through the storefront used to purchase the game such as the Microsoft Store. In some cases (particularly if external achievements are also tracked within the game itself) a 100% speedrun requires the player to collect every achievement. Sometimes, however, achievements are tracked separately from in-game completion, and thus are irrelevant to a 100% run. Some games include external achievements for spending a given amount of time playing the game (eg. An achievement for playing the game for 100 hours) which, if required, would defeat the point of trying to complete the game quickly. The phrasing here implies that Cueball’s university is not one such example, and that any external achievements must be completed for Cueball to consider his run complete.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Cueball]] is attempting a 100% All Achievements run for his university, which is a ridiculous pursuit for several reasons. Even though 100% runs for video games can take very long (up to [https://www.speedrun.com/baten_kaitos_eternal_wings_and_the_lost_ocean?h=100&amp;amp;x=mke7v926 two weeks]), they don't even come close to the amount of time needed to complete a single university major, let alone every class. This would be prohibitively expensive for most people due to the high cost of university attendance. Moreover, &amp;quot;All Achievements&amp;quot; is vaguely defined in this scenario, and the &amp;quot;achievements&amp;quot; possible at a university will change as courses, academic tracks, and degrees offered change. In contrast, even if the possible achievements in a video game change as updates and downloadable content are released, it is possible to specify a particular version of the game used for the speedrun. In addition, the university seems upset with this choice of action, and are demanding he stop it and graduate. This may be because they doubt his ability to retain this information, perhaps because they simply cannot get as much tuition from one man, or possibly because they feel he is making a mockery of the institution.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
“All achievements” could simply refer to completing all courses and degree programs, achievements in video games often involve optional paths or accomplishments unrelated to the main game progress. The equivalent for a university speedrun may mean Cueball also must participate in extracurricular activities such as clubs and other university-associated events, even if they do not directly contribute to his eventual graduation requirements. Depending on how involved the university is, this may add significant challenge and time to the speedrun. If the speedrun requires Cueball to participate in, say, several university sporting leagues at once, the time and effort spent over the course of training, practice, recovery, and event matches (possibly requiring significant travel) may even outweigh his already Herculean academic efforts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
While this might sound ludicrous, &amp;quot;{{w|perpetual students}}&amp;quot; are people who spend long periods at a university. {{w|Michael Nicholson (academic)|Michael Nicholson}}, the world record holder, completed 30 majors between before 1964 and 2016.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Gen-ed, which Cueball says he had completed all of in 2010, refers to {{w|Curriculum#Core_curriculum|general education courses}}. This usually means either:&lt;br /&gt;
(1) a set of classes, or at least categories of classes (such as literature, history, science, foreign language, etc.), that must be taken by all students, regardless of major; or&lt;br /&gt;
(2) classes that have few prerequisites, intended to be taken by students in other disciplines or by people not in university programs at all, to broaden their education (for example, a course in general science for arts students). It is common for a university program to require a student to take several courses that are somewhat related to their nominal preferred specialty in their first year, to provide a foundation for later studies and to permit some flexibility if the student's interests change. In some countries, some gen-ed courses are also included in programs of study so that students get at least a bit of exposure to unrelated disciplines. Many students aim to get these courses out of the way within their first one or two years, though some universities have more specific or long-term requirements (eg: requiring all students to take at least one lower-division and at least one upper-division humanities course) to ensure breadth through a student's undergrad career.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Classes at a university typically receive a code that combines the name of the field/discipline being taught with a two- or three-digit number (e.g., a course in anthropology might be ANTH 209). The leading digit typically provides information about how advanced a class is: lower division work might receive a 0 or 1, while upper division and graduate courses will receive higher numbers. Although there is no standardization across universities for which specific numbers equate to which course levels, the generally accepted baseline education given in any specific subject is usually associated with the number {{w|101 (number)#In_education|101}}, while classes in the 400s are usually taken in the 4th year of undergrad at most universities, and may provide credit towards graduate-level degrees.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In traditional speedrunning, a {{w|tool-assisted speedrun}} (mentioned in the title text) is one done with software such as a {{w|video game console emulator|video game emulator}} to record and then play back incredibly precise movements. These are typically used to show the theoretical upper limit of how quickly a game can be completed, even if the required techniques are beyond human capabilities (i.e. performing a long chain of optimal actions, flawlessly, without the need to replay or restart any stage). Particularly exceptional speedruns may rouse suspicion that they weren’t truly performed by a human, which is what Cueball is trying to quell. It is unclear how such tools might be applied to the pursuit of education, but Cueball may have meant using artificial intelligence or similar &amp;quot;cheats&amp;quot; to illegitimately complete his work. Unassisted speedruns are typically reviewed in full by a moderator of the speedrunning community for that game to ensure there truly were no tools involved. There is no known community for university speedrunning,{{Citation needed}} so no moderators will be able to review the years of footage to determine whether the speedrun was legitimate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most video-sharing services limit the length of uploaded videos, either by size or length, for a variety of reasons. A decade-long video file is almost certainly too big for any service: an hour of 720p-resolution video is about one gigabyte [[https://www.overcasthq.com/blog/how-big-are-video-files/ Overcast]], so a decade would be about 100 terabytes. The longest video ever to be hosted on YouTube is just under 25 days [[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12095652/trivia/ IMDB]], under 1% of what Cueball wants. Such a video would require significant infrastructure support by the service for it to be allowed, not to mention presenting challenges to recording and storing it in the first place. Also, the moderators would spend much of their time watching the video. Assuming they watch 8 hours every day and there are 10 moderators splitting the video, we can calculate the days needed assuming it is about a decade. (10*365*24)/8/10 =87,600/8/10 = 1095. So, they need 1095 days, or about 3 years.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
:[Cueball, arms outstretched, is talking to White Hat.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: I finished all the gen-ed back in 2010, and I'm up to the 400-level courses in most departments.&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: But now one of my advisors is saying I &amp;quot;can't have more than 20 majors&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;need to graduate next year.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: It's outrageous!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Caption below the panel:]&lt;br /&gt;
:My university is making it really hard to finish a 100% all achievements speedrun.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring White Hat]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Video games]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3161:_Airspeed&amp;diff=390278</id>
		<title>3161: Airspeed</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3161:_Airspeed&amp;diff=390278"/>
				<updated>2025-11-05T22:58:33Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3161&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = October 29, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Airspeed&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = airspeed_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 293x338px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = Carefully maneuvering the balloon down a mineshaft in an effort to break the OTHER altitude record&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|What would be the challenges for Hot Air descent? This page was created by a HOT AIR ROBOT. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the comic, [[Megan]] and [[Cueball]] are trying to break the record for {{w|airspeed}} in a {{w|hot air balloon}}. Cueball's exclamation &amp;quot;yessss!&amp;quot; suggests that they achieved it when there was a slight variation in conditions that allowed them to briefly reach 2 miles per hour (roughly 3.2 km/h, or 0.9 m/s), which would not seem particularly impressive to most people as it is even slower than typical human {{w|Preferred walking speed|walking speed}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Airspeed is the velocity of an aircraft relative to the air it's flying through. This differs from {{w|ground speed}}, which is the velocity relative to the ground below, because it is adjusted for the speed of wind around the aircraft. Most powered-flight airspeed records (from human-powered aircraft to rocket-planes) are made with reference to the attained passage through the air, both because it is traditionally easier to establish from within the craft itself, and in order to disregard either assisting or opposing winds at the flying altitude. Ground speed is usually what passengers care about, since it relates to how soon you'll reach your destination.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike airplanes, helicopters, [[1972: Autogyros|autogyros]] and [[495: Secretary: Part 2|dirigibles]], though, untethered {{w|hot air balloons}} are pushed by the wind itself&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#91;[[285: Wikipedian Protester#top|''circulation&amp;amp;nbsp;needed'']]&amp;amp;#93;&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; and don't have any other form of horizontal propulsion (changes in the heated air in the balloon allows vertical propulsion due to positive or negative {{w|buoyancy}}, but this is specifically disregarded by the wording used in the comic). This means that their airspeed is normally very close to zero. It may differ occasionally if the wind changes suddenly, in velocity or direction, as it will take a few seconds for the balloon to overcome its inertia. If the wind drops the balloon may coast a bit at the higher speed, but a large balloon will have plenty of drag, so it will not take long to match the new wind speed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An additional possibility is that it is straddling a significant wind-shear layer that affects the upper parts of the balloon differently from the lower parts, but this does not appear to be the case here, especially as the &amp;quot;level flight&amp;quot; stipulation would seem to disqualify the particularly vertically-turbulent conditions (updrafts and downdrafts) that would accompany this. Away from ground level and the effects of undulating terrain or ground-based structures (and assuming no large powered aircraft have themselves passed nearby, locally disturbing the air), the laminar nature of the air means the airflow tends to more gently transition at the height of a balloon.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Airspeed is useful to aircraft designers and pilots, since it reflects how much power is needed, and the aerodynamic behaviour of the lift and control-surfaces. When you're flying in the same direction as air movement (a &amp;quot;tailwind&amp;quot;), you get more ground speed from the same airspeed, because the wind is boosting your speed; conversely, when you have a headwind, you'll either have lower ground speed with the same engine power, or you'll need more power to get the same ground speed. Prevailing winds in the {{w|middle latitudes}} tend to flow eastwards, which explains why west-to-east flights are often quicker than the corresponding east-to-west flights for such air-commerce as the trans-Atlantic routes between the US and Europe.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A more common record that people try to achieve with balloons is altitude; at this time the current record is 69,850 feet (21,290 m), set in 2005. The title text suggests achieving a ''negative'' altitude record by allowing the balloon to descend down a mineshaft. This could just be in relation to the height of the land in the immediate vicinity of the mineshaft, but could also be with respect to {{w|mean sea level}}, similarly avoiding direct comparison against the ground. With the typical width of a properly inflated balloon being greater than a typical mineshaft, it could be a logistical challenge to make a controlled descent (unless an open pit mine were to be considered a mineshaft — the {{w|Bingham Canyon Mine}} reaches a depth of 1210 m).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hot air balloons have been referenced previously in the comics [[427: Bad Timing]], [[2940: Modes of Transportation]], and [[3153: Hot Water Balloon]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
:[A hot air balloon is shown with its six vertical panels alternating in black and white. Megan and Cueball are riding in the basket, with Cueball looking over the side and down while Megan looks at something inside the basket, also looking down.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Megan: 0 MPH... 0 MPH... Ooh, 1 MPH with that last gust... 0 MPH... 1 MPH... 1 MPH... '''''2 MPH!!!'''''&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: ''YESSSS!''&lt;br /&gt;
:[Caption below the panel:]&lt;br /&gt;
:Breaking the hot air balloon level-flight airspeed record&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Megan]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3163:_Repair_Video&amp;diff=390277</id>
		<title>3163: Repair Video</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3163:_Repair_Video&amp;diff=390277"/>
				<updated>2025-11-05T22:57:43Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3163&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = November 3, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Repair Video&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = repair_video_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 305x449px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = The statue should be in the likeness of whatever sculptor posted the sculpting tool repair video that was most helpful during the installation of the statue.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Cueball]] finds a video explaining how to fix the exact problem he is currently having with his humidifier. The caption states that people who go to the effort of helping people, by creating such videos, should at least be rewarded by a statue.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thanks to this one, Cueball finds the solution to his problem easily, unlike in [[979: Wisdom of the Ancients]]. This comic could be seen as a happier version of the events in that earlier comic, though this one concerns an appliance and the other concerns software.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is initially unclear whether this is one statue for each individual helper, or not, but the title text implies that a single model/muse is used, perhaps to symbolically represent gratefulness for the totality of ''all'' such helpful people in a single monumental creation of appreciation. Or, otherwise, as one original statue to then be duplicated as necessary to allow each helper to have their own personal copy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The choice of muse arises from the assumption that the sculptor who is making the statue will at some point experience the problem of having broken sculpting tools (though this depends upon the interpretation of their use in 'installation'), and so need to watch an instructional video on how to repair them and start/continue the commission. Therefore, as a representative helpful figure, the person who made the video consulted by the sculptor should be the one studied as the archetype for the final form.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This requires that the sculptee be positively identified prior to the point at which sculptor gets too far into the sculpting process. Simplicity then suggests that the nascent commemorative process starts off by the hiring of a candidate craftsman who is ''currently'' inactive due to being beset by broken (but, under guidance, fixable) implements, and proceeding in whatever manner then leads towards the final goal.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete transcript|Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Cueball sits at his desk, on which there is a laptop computer showing a video. His hands are on his lap. Behind Cueball's chair and on the floor, there is a humidifier with &amp;quot;E-21&amp;quot; printed on it, making noise. The humidifier's cord extends to the right side of the panel.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Voice from computer: Hey all!&lt;br /&gt;
:Voice from computer: Does your E-21 humidifier make an annoying clicking noise? Mine did, but I finally figured out that there's an easy fix, so I made this video in case anyone else...	&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: Oh my god. Yes. '''''Yes.'''''&lt;br /&gt;
:Humidifier: Click click&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
:[Caption below the panel:]	&lt;br /&gt;
:I know there's more important work in the world, but I feel like these people deserve, at minimum, a statue.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3164:_Metric_Tip&amp;diff=390276</id>
		<title>3164: Metric Tip</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3164:_Metric_Tip&amp;diff=390276"/>
				<updated>2025-11-05T22:56:59Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3164&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = November 5, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Metric Tip&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = metric_tip_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 187x322px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = The package weighs 7 kg 9 oz.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|This page was created by a 6 LB, 243 g ROBOT. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
This comic parodies the common advice for people converting between one system of measurement and another, which is to 'do it in steps'. In this case, instead of doing it normally (i.e converting the entire measurement to metric and then saying the conversion), Cueball's response is to give the first part of the measurement in the {{w|Imperial units|Imperial system}}, and then give the second part in {{w|Metric system|metric}}. This is worse than saying it all in one single system, as it is much more awkward and much more confusing for the receiver.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text gives another example of Cueball's conversion system, in which he gives the weight of a package as being seven kilograms and nine ounces, again converting between metric and imperial partway through the message. However, this is [[technically]] worse, as kilograms are a unit of mass whereas ounces are a unit of weight.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This is also the first comic to give a height for Cueball, at 5'9&amp;quot; (176 cm).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
\:[White Hat and Cueball are standing and facing each other.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:White Hat: How tall are you?&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: 5ft 24cm&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Caption below the panel:]  &lt;br /&gt;
:When switching to metric, make the process easier by doing it in steps.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring White Hat]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Tips]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=979:_Wisdom_of_the_Ancients&amp;diff=390162</id>
		<title>979: Wisdom of the Ancients</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=979:_Wisdom_of_the_Ancients&amp;diff=390162"/>
				<updated>2025-11-04T23:05:27Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: /* Explanation */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 979&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = November 18, 2011&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Wisdom of the Ancients&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = wisdom_of_the_ancients.png&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = All long help threads should have a sticky globally-editable post at the top saying 'DEAR PEOPLE FROM THE FUTURE: Here's what we've figured out so far ...'&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
This comic refers to a common experience that those trying to solve tech problems have. Typically, people search on Google to try to find solutions to the problem. Sometimes the solution can be found on a software program's website, but the most helpful solutions frequently come from discussions on message boards, particularly for more obscure problems. This is because the odds are rather high that someone else, years ago, had the same problem you're having and resolved it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, in this comic, [[Cueball]] is unable to find any mention of the problem he's currently facing except for one forum post about it that did not include the problem's solution. This is akin to finding an {{w|FAQ}} with questions but no answers. The person DenverCoder9 was probably the person who had the same problem but didn't post a solution or receive one.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title is a satirical reference to the notion that the &amp;quot;ancients,&amp;quot; i.e. from thousands of years ago, possessed knowledge that has been lost to the centuries (such as exactly how Stonehenge was built), and that artifacts from those times do not fully divulge such knowledge. The fact that the &amp;quot;ancient&amp;quot; referred to in the comic is from 2003 (only 8 years before the comic was published) is an exaggeration of the feeling that the forum poster is lost to the sands of time, but in some sense this feeling is nonetheless true, since Cueball is unlikely to be able to contact them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text is a suggestion to forums to be aware of the fact that people are likely going to come across such posts in the future and therefore to provide handy summaries of the most helpful conclusions of long threads for them, since combing through several false starts and failed attempts to resolve a problem can be quite tedious. Some forums do indeed follow this practice, pinning the solution or the most helpful approximation to one to the top under the original question.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In [[1722: Debugging]] the title text also mentions googling an error message, explaining what it means if you get zero results. Sort of.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[3163: Repair Video]] similarly features Cueball seeking answers to a technical issue (specifically with a home appliance); in that comic, however, he finds a solution online in the form of a user-made video tutorial specific to his problem.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
:[A poem is written outside and right justified along the left edge of the panel to the right.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:{|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align:right;&amp;quot;|Never have I felt so close to another soul&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align:right;&amp;quot;|And yet so helplessly alone&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align:right;&amp;quot;|As when I Google an error&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align:right;&amp;quot;|And there's one result&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align:right;&amp;quot;|A thread by someone with the same problem&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align:right;&amp;quot;|And no answer&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align:right;&amp;quot;|Last posted to in 2003&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Cueball stands in front of his desk, having risen so the chair has moved away behind him. He is holding on to his computer's screen, looking at it while visibly shaking the screen and shouting at it.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: Who were you, DenverCoder9? &lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: ''What did you see?!''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Internet]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Google Search]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=979:_Wisdom_of_the_Ancients&amp;diff=390161</id>
		<title>979: Wisdom of the Ancients</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=979:_Wisdom_of_the_Ancients&amp;diff=390161"/>
				<updated>2025-11-04T23:04:59Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: /* Explanation */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 979&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = November 18, 2011&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Wisdom of the Ancients&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = wisdom_of_the_ancients.png&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = All long help threads should have a sticky globally-editable post at the top saying 'DEAR PEOPLE FROM THE FUTURE: Here's what we've figured out so far ...'&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
This comic refers to a common experience that those trying to solve tech problems have. Typically, people search on Google to try to find solutions to the problem. Sometimes the solution can be found on a software program's website, but the most helpful solutions frequently come from discussions on message boards, particularly for more obscure problems. This is because the odds are rather high that someone else, years ago, had the same problem you're having and resolved it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
However, in this comic, [[Cueball]] is unable to find any mention of the problem he's currently facing except for one forum post about it that did not include the problem's solution. This is akin to finding an {{w|FAQ}} with questions but no answers. The person DenverCoder9 was probably the person who knew the answer but didn't post it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title is a satirical reference to the notion that the &amp;quot;ancients,&amp;quot; i.e. from thousands of years ago, possessed knowledge that has been lost to the centuries (such as exactly how Stonehenge was built), and that artifacts from those times do not fully divulge such knowledge. The fact that the &amp;quot;ancient&amp;quot; referred to in the comic is from 2003 (only 8 years before the comic was published) is an exaggeration of the feeling that the forum poster is lost to the sands of time, but in some sense this feeling is nonetheless true, since Cueball is unlikely to be able to contact them.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text is a suggestion to forums to be aware of the fact that people are likely going to come across such posts in the future and therefore to provide handy summaries of the most helpful conclusions of long threads for them, since combing through several false starts and failed attempts to resolve a problem can be quite tedious. Some forums do indeed follow this practice, pinning the solution or the most helpful approximation to one to the top under the original question.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In [[1722: Debugging]] the title text also mentions googling an error message, explaining what it means if you get zero results. Sort of.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[3163: Repair Video]] similarly features Cueball seeking answers to a technical issue (specifically with a home appliance); in that comic, however, he finds a solution online in the form of a user-made video tutorial specific to his problem.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
:[A poem is written outside and right justified along the left edge of the panel to the right.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:{|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align:right;&amp;quot;|Never have I felt so close to another soul&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align:right;&amp;quot;|And yet so helplessly alone&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align:right;&amp;quot;|As when I Google an error&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align:right;&amp;quot;|And there's one result&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align:right;&amp;quot;|A thread by someone with the same problem&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align:right;&amp;quot;|And no answer&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
| style=&amp;quot;text-align:right;&amp;quot;|Last posted to in 2003&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Cueball stands in front of his desk, having risen so the chair has moved away behind him. He is holding on to his computer's screen, looking at it while visibly shaking the screen and shouting at it.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: Who were you, DenverCoder9? &lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: ''What did you see?!''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Internet]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Google Search]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3163:_Repair_Video&amp;diff=390099</id>
		<title>3163: Repair Video</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3163:_Repair_Video&amp;diff=390099"/>
				<updated>2025-11-04T05:23:44Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3163&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = November 3, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Repair Video&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = repair_video_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 305x449px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = The statue should be in the likeness of whatever sculptor posted the sculpting tool repair video that was most helpful during the installation of the statue.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|This page was created by DenverCoder9. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fixing things that are malfunctioning can take a long time and be an annoying process without help. When someone has a problem, like a humidifier making clicking noises, it can be very difficult and long-winded to fix without instructions. This comic is about people who not only go through the process of fixing things by themselves, but also afterwards create instructional videos on the internet to help others who are going through the same problems. This means that all subsequent people with the problem do not have to spend nearly as much time trying to fix the problem, at the expense of the original solver's time to make and publish the video, which is why the people who make such videos should be celebrated. This comic suggests that these heroes should receive at least a statue. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thanks to these people, [[Cueball]] is able to find the solution to his problem easily, unlike in [[979: Wisdom of the Ancients]]. This comic could be seen as a happier version of the events in that earlier comic, though this one concerns an appliance and the other seems to be software.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text implies that the sculptor who is making the statues will have broken sculpting tools and will need to watch an instructional video on how to repair their tools. Therefore the person who made the most helpful video for repairing these tools should be the person whose likeness the statues are modelled after. Which if they change it midway, they would need to make a another statue, and then it might result in a long series of statues.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete transcript|Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Cueball sits at his desk, on which there is a laptop computer showing a video. His hands are on his lap. Behind Cueball's chair and on the floor, there is a humidifier with &amp;quot;E-21&amp;quot; printed on it, making noise. The humidifier's cord extends to the right side of the panel.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Voice from computer: Hey all!&lt;br /&gt;
:Voice from computer: Does your E-21 humidifier make an annoying clicking noise? Mine did, but I finally figured out that there's an easy fix, so I made this video in case anyone else...	&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: Oh my god. Yes. '''''Yes.'''''&lt;br /&gt;
:Humidifier: Click click&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
:[Caption below the panel:]	&lt;br /&gt;
:I know there's more important work in the world, but I feel like these people deserve, at minimum, a statue.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3163:_Repair_Video&amp;diff=390076</id>
		<title>3163: Repair Video</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3163:_Repair_Video&amp;diff=390076"/>
				<updated>2025-11-03T23:53:36Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3163&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = November 3, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Repair Video&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = repair_video_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 305x449px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = The statue should be in the likeness of whatever sculptor posted the sculpting tool repair video that was most helpful during the installation of the statue.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|This page was created by a E-21 HUMIDIFIER. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fixing things that are malfunctioning can take a long time and be an annoying process without help. When someone has a problem, like a humidifier making clicking noises, it can be very difficult and longwinded to fix without instructions. This comic is about people who go through the longwinded process of fixing things by themselves, but then afterwards decide to create instructional videos on the internet to help others who are going through the same problems. This means that all subsequent people with the problem do not have to spend nearly as much time trying to fix the problem, at the expense of the original solver's time to make the video, which is why the people who make such videos should be celebrated. This comic suggests that these heroes should receive at least a statue. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text implies that the sculptor who is making the statues will have broken sculpting tools and will need to watch an instructional video on how to repair their tools. Therefore the person who made the most helpful video for repairing these tools should be the person whose likeness the statues are modelled after.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This comic states that Randall thinks that people who make videos on removing annoying noises should get at least a statue. The title text states that the guy who made the sculpting tool tutorial for the statue should be represented.&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete transcript|Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Cueball sits at his desk, on which there is a laptop computer showing a video. His hands are on his lap. Behind Cueball's chair and on the floor, there is a humidifier with &amp;quot;E-21&amp;quot; printed on it, making noise. The humidifier's cord extends to the right side of the panel.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Voice from computer: Hey all!&lt;br /&gt;
:Voice from computer: Does your E-21 humidifier make an annoying clicking noise? Mine did, but I finally figured out that there's an easy fix, so I made this video in case anyone else...	&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: Oh my god. Yes. '''''Yes.'''''&lt;br /&gt;
:Humidifier: Click click&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
:[Caption below the panel:]	&lt;br /&gt;
:I know there's more important work in the world, but I feel like these people deserve, at minimum, a statue.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3162:_Heart_Mountain&amp;diff=390070</id>
		<title>3162: Heart Mountain</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3162:_Heart_Mountain&amp;diff=390070"/>
				<updated>2025-11-03T23:22:44Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3162&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = October 31, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Heart Mountain&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = heart_mountain_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 669x272px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = Even geology papers about Heart Mountain are like, &amp;quot;Look, we all agree this 'volcanic gas earthquake hovercraft' thing seems like it can't possibly be right, but...&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|This page was created by a GIANT SLIDING ROBOT. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
The {{w|Heart Mountain (Wyoming)#Geology|geology of Heart Mountain}}, in Wyoming, ''is'' very much explained as the comic suggests, though not as neatly as the geologists' purely functional diagram depicts. And, as per the title text, even geologists find this process to be strange. No wonder that concerned non-geologists could eavesdrop on such an explanation being given and be even more worried and incredulous about their states of mind — phrased as it is, it sounds like the kind of thing that 'aliens built the pyramids'-type theorists would come up with.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The main anomaly is that the rock at the top of the mountain is far older than that of its base. There are {{w|Nappe|other processes}} that can result in such {{w|inverted stratigraphy}}, but in this case the evidence does indeed seem to suggest that a (more than) mountain-sized amount of rock was rapidly (in parts at the quoted speed of 90 mph (145&amp;amp;nbsp;km/h), or more, lasting perhaps just ''half an hour'') forced to slide a significant distance over younger rocks, through the action of one or other volcanic processes on and above a near-horizontal {{w|Fault (geology)|geological fault}}, after which significant erosion over millions of years has left 'just' the material that forms mountain we now see (and some other traces) in the now anomalous position.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Maybe better reinserted, after the Transcript, as ==Trivia==? --&amp;gt;As an added bonus, the first 'European&amp;lt;!-- as distinct from anything that precolumbian natives might ever have already had, non-orally, hence feeling the necessity to have scare-quotes --&amp;gt;' maps of the mountain also {{w|Heart Mountain (Wyoming)#Hart Mountain|may have placed it}} in the wrong position, but this was purely human error and totally unconnected to the prehistoric rearrangement of material.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete transcript|Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Cueball is on the left, Ponytail is facing him from the right.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: We haven't checked in on the Geology Department for a while. I wonder if they're doing okay.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Ponytail is walking to the right.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Ponytail: I'll go see what they're up to.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Ponytail is now seen having opened a door at the left side of a room, with White Hat, Megan and another Cueball are looking at a chart on the wall, the other Cueball gesturing towards the chart. Most of the chart is illegible, but near the top it says &amp;quot;90 MPH&amp;quot;, and below that there's a diagram of geologic strata, with the label &amp;quot;Bighorn Dolomite&amp;quot;, upon which a sharply rectangular and isolated rock 'block' is depicted. The rock block has speed-lines indicating its rapid movement from left to right.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: 49 million years ago, Heart Mountain, Wyoming slid sideways 15 miles like a giant stone hovercraft.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Ponytail walks back to the Cueball from the first panel's scene.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Ponytail: ... They're not okay.&lt;br /&gt;
:Voice from off the right side of the panel: Hey, '''''you''''' come up with a better explanation!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Ponytail]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring White Hat]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Megan]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Multiple Cueballs]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Geology]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3163:_Repair_Video&amp;diff=390069</id>
		<title>3163: Repair Video</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3163:_Repair_Video&amp;diff=390069"/>
				<updated>2025-11-03T23:22:09Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3163&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = November 3, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Repair Video&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = repair_video_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 305x449px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = The statue should be in the likeness of whatever sculptor posted the sculpting tool repair video that was most helpful during the installation of the statue.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|This page was created by a E-21 HUMIDIFIER. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This comic states that Randall thinks that people who make videos on removing annoying noises should get at least a statue. The title text states that the guy who made the sculpting tool tutorial for the statue should be represented.&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete transcript|Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Cueball sits at his desk, on which there is a laptop computer showing a video. Behind Cueball's chair on the floor, there is a humidifier with &amp;quot;E-21&amp;quot; printed on it, making noise. The humidifier's cord extends to the right side of the panel.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Voice from computer: Hey all!&lt;br /&gt;
:Voice from computer: Does your E-21 humidifier make an annoying clicking noise? Mine did, but I finally figured out that there's an easy fix, so I made this video in case anyone else...	&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: Oh my god. Yes. '''''Yes.'''''&lt;br /&gt;
:Humidifier: Click click&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
:[Caption below the panel:]	&lt;br /&gt;
:I know there's more important work in the world, but I feel like these people deserve, at minimum, a statue.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=Talk:3163:_Repair_Video&amp;diff=390068</id>
		<title>Talk:3163: Repair Video</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=Talk:3163:_Repair_Video&amp;diff=390068"/>
				<updated>2025-11-03T23:20:49Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;!-- Please sign your posts with ~~~~ and don't delete this text. New comments should be added at the bottom. --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Lol [[User:Mathmaster|Mathmaster]] ([[User talk:Mathmaster|talk]])&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3163:_Repair_Video&amp;diff=390064</id>
		<title>3163: Repair Video</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3163:_Repair_Video&amp;diff=390064"/>
				<updated>2025-11-03T23:16:06Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3163&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = November 3, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Repair Video&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = repair_video_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 305x449px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = The statue should be in the likeness of whatever sculptor posted the sculpting tool repair video that was most helpful during the installation of the statue.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|This page was created recently. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete transcript|Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
This comic states that Randall is very glad for people who remove annoying noises&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=1252:_Increased_Risk&amp;diff=389998</id>
		<title>1252: Increased Risk</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=1252:_Increased_Risk&amp;diff=389998"/>
				<updated>2025-11-02T00:16:01Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: /* Explanation */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 1252&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = August 16, 2013&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Increased Risk&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = increased_risk.png&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = You may point out that strictly speaking, you can use that statement to prove that all risks are tiny—to which I reply HOLY SHIT WATCH OUT FOR THAT DOG!&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
The panel satirizes the common misunderstanding of the concept of percentage. Quoting a percentage change without mentioning the base probability that this ratio acts on is meaningless (outside of arithmetic for arithmetic's sake). Most everyday communication, however, succumbs to such incompleteness. In the aftermath of this ambiguity, people tend to conflate relative and absolute changes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If the probability of a shark attack at the North beach is 5 per million, then the probability of shark attack at the South beach is still not more than 6 per million. The difference between these values is not enough to normally justify choosing one beach over the other, even though a &amp;quot;20% greater&amp;quot; chance sounds significant when stated out of this larger context.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Cueball]] parodies the concern by noting that by going to a beach three times instead of two, their chances of attack by dogs with handguns in their mouths (a ludicrous and unrealistic scenario as dogs cannot buy guns{{Citation needed}} and are not likely to pick one up off the ground) increases by 50%. If the chance of the dog attack is one per billion on each visit to the beach, then the chance of attack increases over multiple visits; regardless it's still one in a billion for any specific visit. This does not change the overall improbability of there ever being a dog swimming with a gun in its mouth, unless the beach is infested with gun dogs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Beret Guy]] misunderstands Cueball's probability, exhibiting the {{w|gambler's fallacy}} by believing that since they haven't been attacked in their first two trips, the chance of attack by dogs with handguns is higher on this outing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This is a common misunderstanding of statistics. While the overall probability of an attack in three trips would be higher than in a single trip, it doesn't change the fact that in each individual trip, the probability is still the same; whether or not they managed to avoid being attacked in their first two trips, the results of these trips do not factor into the probability equation of the third trip.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This also can be illustrated by coin flips: if one flips a &amp;quot;fair&amp;quot; coin ten times in a row, no matter what the result of each previous flip is (even if it were nine heads in a row), the odds of getting heads on the tenth coin flip theoretically remains 50%. In other words, past experience does not impact subsequent flips.  In practice, if the odds on each flip were 50%, then the odds of nine heads in a row would be 0.2%, so after it might be worth considering the possibility that the coin has been bent or weighted to alter the odds, or even a counterfeit with &amp;quot;heads&amp;quot; on both sides.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The caption clarifies Cueball's point, but without sarcasm.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Then again, the title text objects to this point (that a tiny risk increased by 50% is still tiny). If this 50% increment is done repeatedly, the risk can get arbitrarily high, while the statement says that it is still tiny. This can be compared to the {{w|Sorites paradox}} (the &amp;quot;paradox of the heap&amp;quot;), which involves a &amp;quot;heap&amp;quot; of sand from which grains of sand are removed individually. If one assumes that, after removing a single grain, a heap of sand is still considered a heap of sand, and that there are a limited number of grains of sand in the heap, then one is forced to accept the conclusion that it can still be considered a heap of sand even if there is only a single grain of sand (or even none at all).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Being shot by a swimming dog with a handgun in its mouth is also specifically referenced in what if? 146, [https://what-if.xkcd.com/146/ Stop Jupiter].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
:[Cueball, Ponytail, and Beret Guy are standing around. Cueball and Ponytail have beach towels. Ponytail is looking at her cell phone. Beret Guy has his hands up to his face, looking distressed.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Ponytail: We should go to the north beach. Someone said the south beach has a 20% higher risk of shark attacks.&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: Yeah, but statistically, taking three beach trips instead of two increases our odds of getting shot by a swimming dog carrying a handgun in its mouth by '''''50%'''''!&lt;br /&gt;
:Beret Guy: Oh no! This is our third trip!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Caption below the panel:]&lt;br /&gt;
:Reminder: A 50% increase in a tiny risk is '''''still tiny'''''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Ponytail]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Beret Guy]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Dogs]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Statistics]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Sharks]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Sarcasm]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3162:_Heart_Mountain&amp;diff=389997</id>
		<title>3162: Heart Mountain</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3162:_Heart_Mountain&amp;diff=389997"/>
				<updated>2025-11-01T23:45:24Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3162&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = October 31, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Heart Mountain&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = heart_mountain_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 669x272px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = Even geology papers about Heart Mountain are like, &amp;quot;Look, we all agree this 'volcanic gas earthquake hovercraft' thing seems like it can't possibly be right, but...&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|This page was created by a GIANT SLIDING ROBOT. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Cueball]] and [[Ponytail]] wonder whether the {{w|geology}} department (presumably at a university) is doing okay.  Ponytail goes to check in on the geologists, and finds them discussing a theory which sounds ridiculous to her.  Someone presumably on the faculty of the geology department proposes that a feature called Heart Mountain slid sideways like a hovercraft, in an attempt to explain some aspect of the geology.  Based on hearing this hypothesis, Ponytail concludes that the geology department is not okay.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The actual {{w|Heart Mountain (Wyoming)#Geology|geology of Heart Mountain}}, in Wyoming, ''is'' very much explained as the comic suggests, though not as neatly as the geologists' purely functional diagram depicts. The main anomaly is that the rock at the top of the mountain is far older than that of its base. There are {{w|Nappe|other processes}} that can result in such {{w|inverted stratigraphy}}, but in this case the evidence does indeed seem to suggest that a (more than) mountain-sized amount of rock was rapidly (in parts at the quoted speed of 90 mph, or more, lasting perhaps just ''half an hour'') forced to slide a significant distance over younger rocks, through the action of various volcanic processes on and above a near-horizontal {{w|Fault (geology)|geological fault}}, after which significant erosion over millions of years has left 'just' the material that forms mountain we now see (and some other traces) in the now anomalous position. (As an added bonus, the first 'European&amp;lt;!-- as distinct from anything that precolumbian natives might ever have already had, non-orally, hence feeling the necessity to have scare-quotes --&amp;gt;' maps of the mountain also had it placed in the wrong position, but this was purely human error and totally unconnected to the prehistoric rearrangement of material.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete transcript|Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Cueball is on the left, Ponytail is facing him from the right.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: We haven't checked in on the Geology Department for a while. I wonder if they're doing okay.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Ponytail is walking to the right.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Ponytail: I'll go see what they're up to.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Ponytail is now seen having opened a door at the left side of a room, within which White Hat, Megan and another Cueball are looking at a chart on the wall, the other Cueball gesturing towards the chart. Most of the chart is illegible, but near the top it says &amp;quot;90 MPH&amp;quot;, and below that there's a diagram of geologic strata, with the label &amp;quot;Bighorn Dolomite&amp;quot;, upon which a sharply rectangular and isolated rock 'block' is depicted. The rock block has speed-lines indicating its rapid movement from left to right.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: 49 million years ago, Heart Mountain, Wyoming slid sideways 15 miles like a giant stone hovercraft.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Ponytail walks back to the Cueball from the first panel's scene.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Ponytail: ... They're not okay.&lt;br /&gt;
:Voice from off the right side of the panel: Hey, '''''you''''' come up with a better explanation!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Ponytail]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring White Hat]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Megan]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Multiple Cueballs]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Geology]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3161:_Airspeed&amp;diff=389950</id>
		<title>3161: Airspeed</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3161:_Airspeed&amp;diff=389950"/>
				<updated>2025-11-01T00:04:18Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3161&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = October 29, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Airspeed&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = airspeed_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 293x338px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = Carefully maneuvering the balloon down a mineshaft in an effort to break the OTHER altitude record&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|Add a few details about mineshaft traveling. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the comic, [[Megan]] and [[Cueball]] are trying to break the record for {{w|airspeed}} in a {{w|hot air balloon}}. Cueball's exclamation &amp;quot;yessss!&amp;quot; suggests that they achieved it when there was a slight variation in conditions that allowed them to briefly reach 2 miles per hour (roughly 3.2 km/h, or 0.9 m/s), which would not seem particularly impressive to most people as it is even slower than typical human {{w|Preferred walking speed|walking speed}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Airspeed is the velocity of an aircraft relative to the air it's flying through. This differs from {{w|ground speed}}, which is the velocity relative to the ground below, because it is adjusted for the speed of wind around the aircraft. Most powered-flight airspeed records (from human-powered aircraft to rocket-planes) are made with reference to the attained passage through the air, both because it is traditionally easier to establish from within the craft itself, and in order to disregard either assisting or opposing winds at the flying altitude. Ground speed is usually what passengers care about, since it relates to how soon you'll reach your destination.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike airplanes, helicopters, [[1972: Autogyros|autogyros]] and [[495: Secretary: Part 2|dirigibles]], though, untethered {{w|hot air balloons}} are pushed by the wind itself&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#91;[[285: Wikipedian Protester#top|''circulation&amp;amp;nbsp;needed'']]&amp;amp;#93;&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; and don't have any other form of horizontal propulsion (changes in the heated air in the balloon allows vertical propulsion due to positive or negative {{w|buoyancy}}, but this is specifically disregarded by the wording used in the comic). This means that their airspeed is normally very close to zero. It may differ occasionally if the wind changes suddenly, in velocity or direction, as it will take a few seconds for the balloon to overcome its inertia. If the wind drops the balloon may coast a bit at the higher speed, but a large balloon will have plenty of drag, so it will not take long to match the new wind speed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An additional possibility is that it is straddling a significant wind-shear layer that affects the upper parts of the balloon differently from the lower parts, but this does not appear to be the case here, especially as the &amp;quot;level flight&amp;quot; stipulation would seem to disqualify the particularly vertically-turbulent conditions (updrafts and downdrafts) that would accompany this. Away from ground level and the effects of undulating terrain or ground-based structures (and assuming no large powered aircraft have themselves passed nearby, locally disturbing the air), the laminar nature of the air means the airflow tends to more gently transition at the height of a balloon.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Airspeed is useful to aircraft designers and pilots, since it reflects how much power is needed, and the aerodynamic behaviour of the lift and control-surfaces. When you're flying in the same direction as air movement (a &amp;quot;tailwind&amp;quot;), you get more ground speed from the same airspeed, because the wind is boosting your speed; conversely, when you have a headwind, you'll either have lower ground speed with the same engine power, or you'll need more power to get the same ground speed. Prevailing winds in the {{w|middle latitudes}} tend to flow eastwards, which explains why west-to-east flights are often quicker than the corresponding east-to-west flights for such air-commerce as the trans-Atlantic routes between the US and Europe.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A more common record that people try to achieve with balloons is altitude; at this time the current record is 69,850 feet (21,290 m), set in 2005. The title text suggests achieving a ''negative'' altitude record by allowing the balloon to descend down a mineshaft. This could just be in relation to the height of the land in the immediate vicinity of the mineshaft, but could also be with respect to {{w|mean sea level}}, similarly avoiding direct comparison against the ground. With the typical width of a properly inflated balloon being greater than a typical mineshaft, it could be a logistical challenge to make a controlled descent (unless an open pit mine were to be considered a mineshaft — the {{w|Bingham Canyon Mine}} reaches a depth of 1210 m).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hot air balloons have been referenced previously in the comics [[3153: Hot Water Balloon]] and [[2940: Modes of Transportation]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
:[A hot air balloon is shown with its six vertical panels alternating in black and white. Megan and Cueball are riding in the basket, with Cueball looking over the side and down while Megan looks at something inside the basket, also looking down.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Megan: 0 MPH... 0 MPH... Ooh, 1 MPH with that last gust... 0 MPH... 1 MPH... 1 MPH... '''''2 MPH!!!'''''&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: ''YESSSS!''&lt;br /&gt;
:[Caption below the panel:]&lt;br /&gt;
:Breaking the hot air balloon level-flight airspeed record&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Megan]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=1051:_Visited&amp;diff=389949</id>
		<title>1051: Visited</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=1051:_Visited&amp;diff=389949"/>
				<updated>2025-11-01T00:03:44Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: /* Explanation */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 1051&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = May 4, 2012&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Visited&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = visited.png&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = I hate when I read something like '... tension among the BASE jumpers nearly led to wingsuit combat ...', and I get excited because 'wingsuit combat' is underlined, only to find that it's just separate links to the 'wingsuit' and 'combat' articles.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
This comic is a reference to how an internet browser will make the links of the pages that you have visited a different color than the links that you have not visited. In the case of {{w|Wikipedia}} and other wikis powered by {{w|MediaWiki}} (including this website), they are blue for non-visited and purple for visited. In this comic, [[Randall]] is ashamed of the pages he has visited, because with the color changes there is evidence of what he has visited in the past, e.g. {{w|autoerotic asphyxiation}} (possibly while researching [[682: Force]], which features that very Wikipedia page).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The pages that he did visit before are in great contrast with the pages that he hasn't. Pages he didn't click are often difficult, highly intelligent topics, while he only clicks the easy, funny articles with little scientific background on the Wikipedia site.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text refers to a common mistake many people make when reading articles on Wikipedia. Words referring to subjects that have an article on Wikipedia are colored in blue. This, however, can cause confusion when two words leading to two separate articles appear together, as the two links appear to be one. However, on hovering the cursor over the article link, only one word at a time is underlined, showing that the links are separate. In this comic, Randall was disappointed because wingsuit combat would be an interesting topic. However, it would obviously be dangerous and if the wing suits are destroyed, parachutes must be immediately deployed. If you got close enough, fire would destroy the wingsuit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It is not possible to determine who this fake article is supposed to be about, but the Macarena band is certainly from Dos Hermanas, Spain. So, it is quite possibly a made-up article from [[Randall]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
[The following is in the standard format of a Wikipedia article, modified to reflect the content of the comic. The First and Last paragraph was partially cutoff]&lt;br /&gt;
:...and was a pioneer of literary &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;social realism&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;[link not clicked].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:He was born in &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Dos Hermanas&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;[link not clicked] in the &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Andalusia&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;[link not clicked] region of &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Spain&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;[link not clicked] (not to be confused with &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Andalasia&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;[link clicked], the kingdom in Disney's &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;''Enchanted''&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;[link clicked]), which is also the hometown of &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;''Macarena''&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;[link clicked] band &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Los Del Río&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;[link clicked],&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:His &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;third novel&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;[link not clicked], set during the &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Burmese-Siamese war&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;[link not clicked], marked the start of a lifelong interest in the &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;history of Southeast Asia&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;[link not clicked]. He spent his later years in &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Thailand&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;[link not clicked], writing his his final novels just a few blocks from the hotel where actor &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;David Carradine&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;[link clicked] died of &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;Autoerotic Asphyxiation&amp;lt;/u&amp;gt;[link clicked].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Caption below the panel:]&lt;br /&gt;
:If I go for a while without clearing my browser history, I start getting embarrassd by which words on Wikipedia show up in purple.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Trivia==&lt;br /&gt;
* In the caption of the comic, embarrassed is spelled incorrectly.&lt;br /&gt;
* In the third paragraph, there is an extra &amp;quot;his&amp;quot; in the phrase &amp;quot;writing his his final novels&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
* Wikipedia's internal Manual of Style [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking&amp;amp;oldid=1294512359#Wingsuit_combat used &amp;quot;Wingsuit Combat&amp;quot;] as an example for the guideline that links should not be placed next to each other [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AManual_of_Style%2FLinking&amp;amp;diff=prev&amp;amp;oldid=1267219169 from January 4] to [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking&amp;amp;diff=prev&amp;amp;oldid=1294513685 June 8, 2025]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics with color]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Wikipedia]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Wingsuit]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Disney]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3156:_Planetary_Rings&amp;diff=389948</id>
		<title>3156: Planetary Rings</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3156:_Planetary_Rings&amp;diff=389948"/>
				<updated>2025-10-31T22:18:30Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3156&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = October 17, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Planetary Rings&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = planetary_rings_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 356x279px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = If you don't know where you are on Earth, the angle of satellite dishes can help constrain your latitude. If some of them are pointing straight up, you're probably near the Equator, right under the ring.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|This page was created by an off-axis satellite dish. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
A {{w|ring system|planetary ring}} is a disc of small objects and other material orbiting a planet. The most well known are the rings of {{w|Saturn}}, which were discovered by {{w|Galileo Galilei}}, but all the {{w|gas giant}} planets in the Solar System have rings, as do some minor planets and moons.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earth does not have a natural ring system, although it's theorized that it [https://web.archive.org/web/20250401024532/https://time.com/7022440/earth-ring-like-saturn-study/ may have had one] in the distant past. However, since the 1950s (slightly over 68 years before this comic's publication), we have launched many [https://satellitetracker3d.com/track?norad-id=26548/ artificial satellites into Earth orbit]. The ones specifically in {{w|geostationary orbit}} (the {{w|Syncom|first}} of these being launched in 1964) are in the equatorial plane (as are some with different {{w|orbital period}}s), so they can be considered to constitute an artificial ring system. (Other satellites operate within various other {{w|orbital plane}}s, including {{w|geosynchronous orbit}}s that are not strictly geostationary, creating {{w|File:Starlink_SpaceX_1584_satellites_72_Planes_22each.png|various other}} halo-like clouds.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{w|Satellite dishes}} are used to communicate with most of these devices. If they are stationary that means they are pointed at a {{w|geostationary satellite}} in middle and low latitudes, or a {{w|Molniya orbit}} satellite constellation in higher latitudes. Not all dishes are pointed at the geostationary orbit, but in that case, if they are used for communicating with satellites in other orbits or with space probes, they must move continuously to track the satellite/probe. There are motorized dishes that can move between some number of pre-programmed positions to select which geostationary satellite to use at a given moment, so if a dish moves, that doesn't prove that it ''isn't'' using geostationary satellites. Also, there are antennas which can &amp;quot;point&amp;quot; at different directions by {{w|Phased array|electronic means}}, without physically moving (e.g. {{w|Starlink}} user terminals).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In terms of mass, Earth's ring system is tiny compared to other planetary ring systems in the Solar System. In descending order of mass, these are Saturn (10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;19&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; kg [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat2965]), Uranus (10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;16&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; kg [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus]), Jupiter (between 10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;11&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; and 10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;16&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; kg [https://pages.astro.umd.edu/~dphamil/research/preprints/BurSimSho03.pdf]), Neptune (10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;15&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; kg [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune]). Assuming 580 satellites (active and inactive, 1/2° slots) in geostationary orbit [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_satellites_in_geosynchronous_orbit] and a typical mass of 1,000 kg, Earth's ring system has a mass of 5.8x10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; kg (580,000 kg).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[On the left side of the single panel, a table with words in one column and checkboxes in the second:]&lt;br /&gt;
:[Two Column headers, underlined:]&lt;br /&gt;
:Planet&lt;br /&gt;
:Rings? &lt;br /&gt;
:[Table entries, by line:]&lt;br /&gt;
:Mercury [Unticked checkbox]&lt;br /&gt;
:Venus [Unticked checkbox]&lt;br /&gt;
:Earth [Originally unticked checkbox, now with a red tick added]&lt;br /&gt;
:Mars [Unticked checkbox]&lt;br /&gt;
:Jupiter [Ticked checkbox]&lt;br /&gt;
:Saturn [Ticked checkbox]&lt;br /&gt;
:Uranus [Ticked checkbox]&lt;br /&gt;
:Neptune [Ticked checkbox]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[On the right side of the single panel, an illustration of the Earth from space, with Africa most obvious and centrally in view. Many dots represent satellites, a lot of them close into the Earth but an even more significant number of them are in a very wide and tilted ellipse depicting a large circular orbit seen from a highly oblique angle. A labeled arrow points to the ellipse:]&lt;br /&gt;
:Geostationary satellite belt&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Caption below the panel:]&lt;br /&gt;
: Astronomy fact: A century ago, Earth didn't have rings, but we have one now! It's where all the satellite dishes are pointed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Facts]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Astronomy]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics with color]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics with red annotations]] &amp;lt;!-- the single tick that it is... --&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3160:_Document_Forgery&amp;diff=389947</id>
		<title>3160: Document Forgery</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3160:_Document_Forgery&amp;diff=389947"/>
				<updated>2025-10-31T22:17:19Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3160&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = October 27, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Document Forgery&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = document_forgery_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 345x323px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = It comes with a certificate of authenticity, which comes with a certificate of authenticity, which comes with a...&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This comic depicts a {{w|diploma}} for a {{w|Doctor of Philosophy|PhD}} in {{w|forgery|Document Forgery}}. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Upon completion of many awards and educational programs, graduates are typically presented with a physical certificate to symbolize their achievement. This is almost always true of colleges and universities, and having a diploma hanging on your wall is a way to signal your academic achievements to anyone who sees them. In an earlier era, such diplomas acted as actual documentation to prove a person's qualifications. In modern times, the actual diploma is typically considered to be decorative. Employers and other organizations confirming a person's education are more likely to contact the institution itself, rather than asking to see a diploma. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Having a diploma such as the one in the comic would automatically be suspect, because the holder is declaring that they have the skills to forge a diploma, rather than bothering to actually earn the degree. This is backed up by the diploma coming from a school with the exceedingly generic name of &amp;quot;East State University&amp;quot;. Typically (though not always), colleges or universities with the word 'state' in them are named after the state or region they're in. East State University does not exist anywhere in the world, with the closest being {{w|East Tennessee State University}}. It sounds like something that someone would come up with if they were trying to make up a plausible-sounding name for a fictional school.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The paradox is that creating a convincing diploma could act as evidence that you are, in fact, trained in the art of forgery. One could even imagine the final exam in such a program including the creation of one's own diploma. None of that applies in real life. No accredited university offers a degree in document forgery, let alone a PhD. Document forgery typically belongs to the field of either crime or spycraft, and in both cases, the training is likely to be unofficial and done without public recognition. Possibly, this might be the creation of someone who felt slighted that their skill in forgery wasn't publicly recognized, and so used their skills to create a fraudulent diploma.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text mentions that the diploma comes with a {{w|certificate of authenticity}}, and that the certificate of authenticity has a certificate of its own, and implies that the second certificate has one of its own, and so on, {{w|ad infinitum}}. The joke is that a certificate of authenticity, on its own, is useless in proving a document wasn't forged because, presumably, forging such a certificate is no more difficult than forging the initial document, and simply recursively adding certificates does nothing to resolve this. In real life, certificates of authenticity are meaningful, because they can be verified with whatever expert or organization issued them. If that party is trusted to be able to detect forgeries, and is able to confirm that they issued the certificate, then that does enable verification of the original document.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Randall]] may have intended a pun on two meanings of the word 'doctor': firstly, as a title accorded to those who have earned a PhD, and secondly as meaning to {{wiktionary|doctor#Verb|change or falsify details on a document (verb #6)}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete transcript|Mention the font}}&lt;br /&gt;
:[A panel depicts a diploma that has decorations on the corners and sides, but the corners have more decorations than the sides. There is a lot of illegible text above, amid, and below the big text.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Two lines of illegible text. The text below is big.]&lt;br /&gt;
:East State University&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Two lines of illegible text, a box with illegible text, and another line of illegible text. The text below is big, except for the &amp;quot;in&amp;quot;, which is small.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Doctor of Philosophy&lt;br /&gt;
:in&lt;br /&gt;
:Document Forgery&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[A line of illegible text, with a logo/official seal below it in the center. To the upper left, upper right, lower left, and lower right of the seal are what appear to be signatures, with a line of bold illegible text and a line of small illegible text beneath each signature line.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Caption beneath the panel:]&lt;br /&gt;
:If you put one of these up in your office, and no one notices, you've earned it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Self-reference]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3160:_Document_Forgery&amp;diff=389946</id>
		<title>3160: Document Forgery</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3160:_Document_Forgery&amp;diff=389946"/>
				<updated>2025-10-31T22:16:03Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3160&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = October 27, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Document Forgery&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = document_forgery_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 345x323px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = It comes with a certificate of authenticity, which comes with a certificate of authenticity, which comes with a...&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This comic depicts a {{w|diploma}} for a {{w|Doctor of Philosophy|PhD}} in {{w|forgery|Document Forgery}}. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Upon completion of many awards and educational programs, graduates are typically presented with a physical certificate to symbolize their achievement. This is almost always true of colleges and universities, and having a diploma hanging on your wall is a way to signal your academic achievements to anyone who sees them. In an earlier era, such diplomas acted as actual documentation to prove a person's qualifications. In modern times, the actual diploma is typically considered to be decorative. Employers and other organizations confirming a person's education are more likely to contact the institution itself, rather than asking to see a diploma. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Having a diploma such as the one in the comic would automatically be suspect, because the holder is declaring that they have the skills to forge a diploma, rather than bothering to actually earn the degree. This is backed up by the diploma coming from a school with the exceedingly generic name of &amp;quot;East State University&amp;quot;. Typically (though not always), colleges or universities with the word 'state' in them are named after the state or region they're in. East State University does not exist anywhere in the world, with the closest being {{w|East Tennessee State University}}. It sounds like something that someone would come up with if they were trying to make up a plausible-sounding name for a fictional school.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The paradox is that creating a convincing diploma could act as evidence that you are, in fact, trained in the art of forgery. One could even imagine the final exam in such a program including the creation of one's own diploma. None of that applies in real life. No accredited university offers a degree in document forgery, let alone a PhD. Document forgery typically belongs to the field of either crime or spycraft, and in both cases, the training is likely to be unofficial and done without public recognition. Possibly, this might be the creation of someone who felt slighted that their skill in forgery wasn't publicly recognized, and so used their skills to create a fraudulent diploma.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text mentions that the diploma comes with a {{w|certificate of authenticity}}, and that the certificate of authenticity has a certificate of its own, and implies that the second certificate has one of its own, and so on, {{w|ad infinitum}}. The joke is that a certificate of authenticity, on its own, is useless in proving a document wasn't forged because, presumably, forging such a certificate is no more difficult than forging the initial document, and simply recursively adding certificates does nothing to resolve this. In real life, certificates of authenticity are meaningful, because they can be verified with whatever expert or organization issued them. If that party is trusted to be able to detect forgeries, and is able to confirm that they issued the certificate, then that does enable verification of the original document.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Randall]] may have intended a pun on two meanings of the word 'doctor': firstly, as a title accorded to those who have earned a PhD, and secondly as meaning to {{wiktionary|doctor#Verb|change or falsify details on a document (verb #6)}}.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete transcript|Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
:[A panel depicts a diploma that has decorations on the corners and sides, but the corners have more decorations then the sides. There is a lot of illegible text above, amid, and below the big text.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Two lines of illegible text]&lt;br /&gt;
:East State University&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Two lines of illegible text, a box with illegible text, and another line of illegible text]&lt;br /&gt;
:Doctor of Philosophy&lt;br /&gt;
:in&lt;br /&gt;
:Document Forgery&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[A line of illegible text, with a logo/official seal below it in the center. To the upper left, upper right, lower left, and lower right of the seal are what appear to be signatures, with a line of bold illegible text and a line of small illegible text beneath each signature line.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Caption beneath the panel:]&lt;br /&gt;
:If you put one of these up in your office, and no one notices, you've earned it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Self-reference]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3157:_Emperor_Palpatine&amp;diff=389924</id>
		<title>3157: Emperor Palpatine</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3157:_Emperor_Palpatine&amp;diff=389924"/>
				<updated>2025-10-31T04:08:02Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3157&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = October 20, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Emperor Palpatine&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = emperor_palpatine_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 538x531px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = Many things about Star Wars were not well planned out, but having a 37-year-old in old-age makeup play the Emperor in Return of the Jedi was such an incredible call.&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|What happened when Palpatine was a toddler (all I know is he wasn't a Jedi and discovered the dark side)? This page was created by A BOT OF UNCERTAIN AGE. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
This comic about {{w|extrapolation}} tracks the age of the {{w|Star Wars}} character {{w|Palpatine}} against the age of the actor who played him.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The primary film series of the Star Wars franchise consists of three trilogies: the original trilogy (1977-1983, portraying from the immediate lead up to the Battle of Yavin until 4&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;abbr title=&amp;quot;years After the Battle of Yavin&amp;quot;&amp;gt;ABY&amp;lt;/abbr&amp;gt;), the prequel trilogy (1999-2005, portraying 32&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;abbr title=&amp;quot;years Before the Battle of Yavin&amp;quot;&amp;gt;BBY&amp;lt;/abbr&amp;gt; to 19&amp;amp;nbsp;BBY), and the sequel trilogy (2015-2019, during 34-35&amp;amp;nbsp;ABY). Palpatine is played by {{w|Ian McDiarmid}} in at least one film from each trilogy (and all three films of the prequel trilogy).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* The character of Emperor Palpatine was briefly mentioned in the first {{w|Star Wars}} movie and appears briefly in {{w|The Empire Strikes Back}} (see the Trivia section below), but doesn't have significant screen time until {{w|Return of the Jedi}}, in 1983, which is when McDiarmid took on the role. He was presented as an elderly, withered, and physically decaying man, despite being played by an actor in his 30s. The character appears to be killed near the end of the film.&lt;br /&gt;
* The prequels portray Palpatine's rise from Senator to Chancellor to Emperor. McDiarmid was 55 when the first of the prequels was made, and used no obvious aging or de-aging makeup or other effects, implying that the Palpatine of this era was approximately the same age as the actor (which fits nicely with the established timeline of the universe).&lt;br /&gt;
* {{w|The Rise of Skywalker}} was the third film of the sequel trilogy. Infamously, this film reveals that &amp;quot;somehow, Palpatine returned&amp;quot;. This is somewhat vaguely explained by references to &amp;quot;dark signs, cloning, secrets only the Sith knew&amp;quot;, echoing elements of the non-film fiction that had existed before the sequels, but were no longer considered official canon. McDiarmid, now in his 70s, played the role once again. While he appears at least as aged as the actor (and far more physically corrupted) the joke is that, if he was cloned, his new body had an &amp;quot;undefined age&amp;quot;, but was presumably younger than Palpatine would have been had he survived beyond his previous appearances.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Putting all this together, [[Randall]] comes up with a chart comparing the actor's age to that of the character, and concludes that they have an inverse relationship. Extrapolating this forward, he proposes that McDiarmid (81 years old, as of the publication of this strip) be brought back to play the Emperor as a toddler.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Firstly, this suggestion is highly impractical. Where it has so far been possible, using make-up and additional effects, for the actor to play a character at first much older and now much younger than him, it would require unusually extreme measures to make Randall's suggestion work, given the much larger changes that humans go through in childhood. Not only would his features need to be made radically younger, but his stature and body shape would have to be altered. It is hard to see how this could be done convincingly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Secondly, this kind of extrapolation is ridiculous. In addition to the silliness of the subject matter, the data isn't used properly. Considering that there are only four good data points (plus a fifth where one of the dimensions is unclear, so is excluded), there is not really a sufficient sample to make a proper extrapolation from here. Furthermore, three of the data points are clustered closely together, reducing their usefulness as independent markers, and by themselves represent a period where character-age and actor-age are effectively directly equivalent, in contradiction to the extrapolated negative slope.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The title text suggests that the makers of Star Wars had planned this out from the beginning, and so deliberately chose a 37-year-old actor to play an elderly character, specifically so that he could continue to play the part throughout the entire film series. In fact, the long-term direction of the films was never so accurately anticipated, and the notion that the films would be made over the course of more than four decades was probably not ever predicted. The idea that casting was made on that assumption is unlikely in the extreme. The fact that the same actor was able to reprise his role over such a long period of time was almost certainly just a matter of luck, though Randall jokingly presents this as entirely intentional.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This comic continues a long xkcd [[:Category:Extrapolation|theme of applying graphing and extrapolation poorly]], and in situations where they're not appropriate, to show the kinds of ridiculous predictions they can lead to.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
:[A scatter chart with the X scale from 30 to 90 and Y scale from 0 to 120. The X axis is labeled &amp;quot;Ian McDiarmid age during filming&amp;quot; and Y axis is labeled &amp;quot;Emperor Palpatine character age&amp;quot;.]&lt;br /&gt;
:[Point labeled &amp;quot;Return of the Jedi&amp;quot;] X value = ~39, Y value = ~87&lt;br /&gt;
:[Point labeled &amp;quot;The Phantom Menace&amp;quot;] X value = ~50, Y value = ~52&lt;br /&gt;
:[Point labeled &amp;quot;Attack of the Clones&amp;quot;] X value = ~52, Y value = 61&lt;br /&gt;
:[Point labeled &amp;quot;Revenge of the Sith&amp;quot;] X value = ~60, Y value = ~62&lt;br /&gt;
:[Hollow circle with a dashed outline labeled &amp;quot;Now&amp;quot;] X value = ~81, Y value = ~4&lt;br /&gt;
:[A thick black arrow trending downwards from &amp;quot;Return of the Jedi&amp;quot; pointing near &amp;quot;The Phantom Menace&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Attack of the Clones&amp;quot;, and &amp;quot;Revenge of the Sith&amp;quot;. &amp;quot;The Phantom Menace&amp;quot; is below it and &amp;quot;Attack of the Clones&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;Revenge of the Sith&amp;quot; are above it.]&lt;br /&gt;
:[Another thick black arrow trending downwards from &amp;quot;The Phantom Menace&amp;quot; and nearby points to the &amp;quot;Now&amp;quot; circle.]&lt;br /&gt;
:[Vertical line with gradient labeled &amp;quot;The Rise of Skywalker (cloned body, undefined age)&amp;quot;. The gradient is darkest around the Y values from 40 to 50, and becomes lighter towards either extreme of the Y axis. It stops when it touches the black arrow.] X value = ~75&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Caption beneath panel]&lt;br /&gt;
:To continue the trend, they should make a Star Wars movie where 81-year-old Ian McDiarmid plays the Emperor as a toddler.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Trivia==&lt;br /&gt;
Not depicted upon the graph are Palpatine's prior actors, all from the original release of Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back, when Palpatine would have been 88. {{w|Marjorie Eaton}} (79&amp;lt;!-- b.1901, ESB@1980, not bothering to play with birthdays/release-dates --&amp;gt;) visually played the character in an uncredited role (unless it was the trial footage of Elaine Baker, instead, at the time 27 and married to {{w|Rick Baker|the film's makeup designer}}), with different heavy prosthetics to McDiarmid and supposedly superimposed with the eyes of a chimpanzee ({{w|Chimpanzee#Mortality and health|age unknown}}!), whilst {{w|Clive Revill}} (50&amp;lt;!-- b.1930, ditto --&amp;gt;) provided the voice. For the 2004 DVD release, the scene was entirely reshot with McDiarmid, who was 60 at the time ''and'' given a make-over to more closely match his own initial appearance in the followup film.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Extrapolation]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Star Wars]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Scatter plots]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3161:_Airspeed&amp;diff=389923</id>
		<title>3161: Airspeed</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3161:_Airspeed&amp;diff=389923"/>
				<updated>2025-10-31T04:07:06Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3161&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = October 29, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Airspeed&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = airspeed_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 293x338px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = Carefully maneuvering the balloon down a mineshaft in an effort to break the OTHER altitude record&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|This page was created by a HOT AIR ROBOT. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the comic, [[Megan]] and [[Cueball]] are trying to break the record for {{w|airspeed}} in a {{w|hot air balloon}}. Cueball's exclamation &amp;quot;yessss!&amp;quot; suggests that they achieved it when there was a slight variation in conditions that allowed them to briefly reach 2 miles per hour, which would not seem particularly impressive to most people.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Airspeed is the velocity of an aircraft relative to the air it's flying through. This differs from {{w|ground speed}}, which is the velocity relative to the ground below, because it is adjusted for the speed of wind around the aircraft. Most powered-flight airspeed records (from human-powered aircraft to rocket-planes) are made with reference to the attained passage through the air, both because it is traditionally easier to establish from within the craft itself, and in order to disregard either assisting or opposing winds at the flying altitude. Ground speed is usually what passengers care about, since it relates to how soon you'll reach your destination.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike airplanes, helicopters, [[1972: Autogyros|autogyros]] and [[495: Secretary: Part 2|dirigibles]], though, untethered {{w|hot air balloons}} are pushed by the wind itself&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#91;[[285: Wikipedian Protester#top|''circulation&amp;amp;nbsp;needed'']]&amp;amp;#93;&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; and don't have any other form of horizontal propulsion (changes in the heated air in the balloon allows vertical propulsion due to positive or negative {{w|buoyancy}}, but this is specifically disregarded by the wording used in the comic). This means that their airspeed is normally very close to zero. It may differ occasionally if the wind changes suddenly, in velocity or direction, as it will take a few seconds for the balloon to overcome its inertia. If the wind drops the balloon may coast a bit at the higher speed, but a large balloon will have plenty of drag, so it will not take long to match the new wind speed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An additional possibility is that it is straddling a significant wind-shear layer that affects the upper parts of the balloon differently from the lower parts, but this does not appear to be the case here, especially as the &amp;quot;level flight&amp;quot; stipulation would seem to disqualify the particularly vertically-turbulent conditions (updrafts and downdrafts) that would accompany this. Away from ground level and the effects of undulating terrain or ground-based structures (and assuming no large powered aircraft have themselves passed nearby, locally disturbing the air), the laminar nature of the air means the airflow tends to more gently transition at the height of a balloon.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Airspeed is useful to aircraft designers and pilots, since it reflects how much power is needed, and the aerodynamic behaviour of the lift and control-surfaces. When you're flying in the same direction as air movement (a &amp;quot;tailwind&amp;quot;), you get more ground speed from the same airspeed, because the wind is boosting your speed; conversely, when you have a headwind, you'll either have lower ground speed with the same engine power, or you'll need more power to get the same ground speed. Prevailing winds in the {{w|middle latitudes}} tend to flow eastwards, which explains why west-to-east flights are often quicker than the corresponding east-to-west flights for such air-commerce as the trans-Atlantic routes between the US and Europe.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A more common record that people try to achieve with balloons is altitude; at this time the current record is 69,850 feet (21,290 m), set in 2005. The title text suggests achieving a ''negative'' altitude record by allowing the balloon to descend down a mineshaft. This could just be in relation to the height of the land in the immediate vicinity of the mineshaft, but could also be with respect to {{w|mean sea level}}, similarly avoiding direct comparison against the ground. With the typical width of a properly inflated balloon being greater than a typical mineshaft, it could be a logistical challenge to make a controlled descent (unless an open pit mine were to be considered a mineshaft — the {{w|Bingham Canyon Mine}} reaches a depth of 1210 m).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hot air balloons are also a commonly recurring topic on xkcd. There have been many comics about hot air balloons recently.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
:[A hot air balloon is shown with its six vertical panels alternating in black and white. Megan and Cueball are riding in the basket, with Cueball looking over the side and down while Megan looks at something inside the basket, also looking down.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Megan: 0 MPH... 0 MPH... Ooh, 1 MPH with that last gust... 0 MPH... 1 MPH... 1 MPH... '''''2 MPH!!!'''''&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: ''YESSSS!''&lt;br /&gt;
:[Caption below the panel:]&lt;br /&gt;
:Breaking the hot air balloon level-flight airspeed record&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Megan]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3161:_Airspeed&amp;diff=389848</id>
		<title>3161: Airspeed</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3161:_Airspeed&amp;diff=389848"/>
				<updated>2025-10-29T22:41:10Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3161&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = October 29, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Airspeed&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = airspeed_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 293x338px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = Carefully maneuvering the balloon down a mineshaft in an effort to break the OTHER altitude record&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|This page was created by a HOT AIR ROBOT. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{w|Airspeed}} is the velocity of an aircraft relative to the air it's flying through. This differs from {{w|ground speed}}, which is the velocity relative to the ground below, because we adjust for the speed of wind around the aircraft. Most powered-flight airspeed records (from human-powered aircraft to rocket-planes) are made with reference to the attained passage through the air, as both traditionally easier to establish, from within the craft itself, and in order to disregard either assisting or opposing winds at the flying altitude. Ground speed is usually what passengers care about, since it relates to how soon you'll reach your destination.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Airspeed is useful to aircraft designers and pilots, since it reflects how much power is needed, and the aeridynamic behaviour of the lift and control-surfaces. When you're flying in the same direction as air movement (a &amp;quot;tailwind&amp;quot;), you get more ground speed from the same airspeed, because the wind is boosting your speed; conversely, when you have a headwind, you'll either have lower ground speed with the same engine power, or you'll need more power to get the same ground speed. Since prevailing winds in the northern hemisphere tend to be easterly, this explains why west-to-east flights are often quicker than the corresponding east-to-west flights.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike airplanes, helicopters and dirigibles, {{w|hot air balloons}} don't have their own source of power for horizontal propulsion (the heated air in the balloon allows vertical propulsion due to {{w|buoyancy}}, but this is specifically disregarded by the wording used in the comic), they're just pushed by the wind itself. So their airspeed is normally very close to zero. It may differ occasionally if the wind changes suddenly, in velocity or direction, as it will take a few seconds for the balloon to overcome its inertia. If the wind drops, the balloon may coast a bit at the higher speed. But a large balloon will have plenty of drag, so it will not take long to match the new wind speed. An additional possibility is that it is stradling a significant wind-shear layer that affects the upper parts of the balloon differently from the lower parts, but this does not appear to be the case here, and (away from ground level and the effects of undulating terrain or ground-based structures, and assuming no large powered aircraft have themselves based nearby) the laminar nature of the air tends to mode slowly transition, within the height of a balloon.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the comic, [[Megan]] and [[Cueball]] are trying to break the record for balloon airspeed. Cueball's exclamation &amp;quot;yessss!&amp;quot; suggests that they achieved it when there was a gust of wind that allowed them to coast at 2 MPH.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A more common record that people try to achieve with balloons is altitude (at this time the current record is 69,850 feet, set in 2005). The title text suggests achieving a negative altitude record by allowing the balloon to descend down a mineshaft. This would be done by cooling the ballon slowly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete transcript|Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
[Megan and Cueball riding in a hot air balloon basket, Cueball looking over side and down while Megan looks at something inside basket, also looking down.]&lt;br /&gt;
:Megan: 0 MPH... 0 MPH...&lt;br /&gt;
:Ooh, 1 MPH with &lt;br /&gt;
:that last gust...&lt;br /&gt;
:0 MPH... 1 MPH...&lt;br /&gt;
:1 MPH... 2 MPH!!!&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: YESSSS!&lt;br /&gt;
:[Caption below the panel:]&lt;br /&gt;
:Breaking the hot air balloon level-flight airspeed record&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Megan]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3161:_Airspeed&amp;diff=389847</id>
		<title>3161: Airspeed</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3161:_Airspeed&amp;diff=389847"/>
				<updated>2025-10-29T22:40:40Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3161&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = October 29, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Airspeed&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = airspeed_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 293x338px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = Carefully maneuvering the balloon down a mineshaft in an effort to break the OTHER altitude record&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete|This page was created by a HOT AIR ROBOT. Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{w|Airspeed}} is the velocity of an aircraft relative to the air it's flying through. This differs from {{w|ground speed}}, which is the velocity relative to the ground below, because we adjust for the speed of wind around the aircraft. Most powered-flight airspeed records (from human-powered aircraft to rocket-planes) are made with reference to the attained passage through the air, as both traditionally easier to establish, from within the craft itself, and in order to disregard either assisting or opposing winds at the flying altitude. Ground speed is usually what passengers care about, since it relates to how soon you'll reach your destination.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Airspeed is useful to aircraft designers and pilots, since it reflects how much power is needed, and the aeridynamic behaviour of the lift and control-surfaces. When you're flying in the same direction as air movement (a &amp;quot;tailwind&amp;quot;), you get more ground speed from the same airspeed, because the wind is boosting your speed; conversely, when you have a headwind, you'll either have lower ground speed with the same engine power, or you'll need more power to get the same ground speed. Since prevailing winds in the northern hemisphere tend to be easterly, this explains why west-to-east flights are often quicker than the corresponding east-to-west flights.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike airplanes, helicopters and dirigibles, {{w|hot air balloons}} don't have their own source of power for horizontal propulsion (the heated air in the balloon allows vertical propulsion due to {{w|buoyancy}}, but this is specifically disregarded by the wording used in the comic), they're just pushed by the wind itself. So their airspeed is normally very close to zero. It may differ occasionally if the wind changes suddenly, in velocity or direction, as it will take a few seconds for the balloon to overcome its inertia. If the wind drops, the balloon may coast a bit at the higher speed. But a large balloon will have plenty of drag, so it will not take long to match the new wind speed. An additional possibility is that it is stradling a significant wind-shear layer that affects the upper parts of the balloon differently from the lower parts, but this does not appear to be the case here, and (away from ground level and the effects of undulating terrain or ground-based structures, and assuming no large powered aircraft have themselves based nearby) the laminar nature of the air tends to mode slowly transition, within the height of a balloon.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the comic, [[Megan]] and [[Cueball]] are trying to break the record for balloon airspeed. Cueball's exclamation &amp;quot;yessss!&amp;quot; suggests that they achieved it when there was a gust of wind that allowed them to coast at 2 MPH.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A more common record that people try to achieve with balloons is altitude (at this time the current record is 69,850 feet, set in 2005). The title text suggests achieving a negative altitude record by allowing the balloon to descend down a mineshaft. This would be done by cooling the ballon slowly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete transcript|Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
[Megan and Cueball riding in a hot air balloon basket, Cueball looking over side and down while Megan looks at something inside basket, also looking down]&lt;br /&gt;
:Megan: 0 MPH... 0 MPH...&lt;br /&gt;
:Ooh, 1cMPH with &lt;br /&gt;
:that last gust...&lt;br /&gt;
:0 MPH... 1 MPH...&lt;br /&gt;
:1 MPH... 2 MPH!!!&lt;br /&gt;
:Cueball: YESSSS!&lt;br /&gt;
:[Caption below the panel:]&lt;br /&gt;
:Breaking the hot air balloon level-flight airspeed record&lt;br /&gt;
{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Megan]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3160:_Document_Forgery&amp;diff=389846</id>
		<title>3160: Document Forgery</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php?title=3160:_Document_Forgery&amp;diff=389846"/>
				<updated>2025-10-29T22:39:19Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Mathmaster: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{comic&lt;br /&gt;
| number    = 3160&lt;br /&gt;
| date      = October 27, 2025&lt;br /&gt;
| title     = Document Forgery&lt;br /&gt;
| image     = document_forgery_2x.png&lt;br /&gt;
| imagesize = 345x323px&lt;br /&gt;
| noexpand  = true&lt;br /&gt;
| titletext = It comes with a certificate of authenticity, which comes with a certificate of authenticity, which comes with a...&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
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==Explanation==&lt;br /&gt;
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This comic depicts a {{w|diploma}} for a {{w|Doctor of Philosophy|PhD}} in {{w|forgery|Document Forgery}}. &lt;br /&gt;
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Upon completion of many awards and educational programs, graduates are typically presented with a physical certificate to symbolize their achievement. This is almost always true of colleges and universities, and having a diploma hanging on your wall is a way to signal your academic achievements to anyone who sees them. In an earlier era, such diplomas acted as actual documentation to prove a person's qualifications. In modern times, the actual diploma is typically considered to be decorative. Employers and other organizations confirming a person's education are more likely to contact the institution itself, rather than asking to see a diploma. &lt;br /&gt;
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Having a diploma such as the one in the comic would automatically be suspect, because the holder is declaring that they have the skills to forge a diploma, rather than bothering to actually earn the degree. This is backed up by the diploma coming from a school with the exceedingly generic name of &amp;quot;East State University&amp;quot;. Typically (though not always), colleges or universities with the word 'state' in them are named after the state or region they're in. East State University does not exist anywhere in the world, with the closest being {{w|East Tennessee State University}}. It sounds like something that someone would come up with if they were trying to make up a plausible-sounding name for a fictional school.&lt;br /&gt;
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The paradox is that creating a convincing diploma could act as evidence that you are, in fact, trained in the art of forgery. One could even imagine the final exam in such a program including the creation of one's own diploma. None of that applies in real life. No accredited university offers a degree in document forgery, let alone a PhD. Document forgery typically belongs to the field of either crime or spycraft, and in both cases, the training is likely to be unofficial and done without public recognition. Possibly, this might be the creation of someone who felt slighted that their skill in forgery wasn't publicly recognized, and so used their skills to create a fraudulent diploma.&lt;br /&gt;
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The title text mentions that the diploma comes with a {{w|certificate of authenticity}}, and that the certificate of authenticity has a certificate of its own, and implies that the second certificate has one of its own, and so on, {{w|ad infinitum}}. The joke is that a certificate of authenticity, on its own, is useless in proving a document wasn't forged, because presumably, forging such a certificate is no more difficult than forging the initial document, and simply recursively adding certificates does nothing to resolve this. In real life, certificates of authenticity are meaningful, because they can be verified with whatever expert or organization issued them. If that party is trusted to be able to detect forgeries, and is able to confirm that they issued the certificate, then that does enable verification of the original document.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[Randall]] may have intended a pun on two meanings of the word 'doctor': firstly, as a title accorded to those who have earned a PhD, and secondly as meaning to {{wiktionary|doctor#Verb|change or falsify details on a document (verb #6)}}.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Transcript==&lt;br /&gt;
{{incomplete transcript|Don't remove this notice too soon.}}&lt;br /&gt;
:[A panel depicts a diploma that has decorations on the corners and sides, but the corners have more. There is a lot of illegible text above, amid, and below the big text.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[Two lines of illegible text]&lt;br /&gt;
:East State University&lt;br /&gt;
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:[Two lines of illegible text, a box with illegible text, and another line of illegible text]&lt;br /&gt;
:Doctor of Philosophy&lt;br /&gt;
:in&lt;br /&gt;
:Document Forgery&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:[A line of illegible text, with a logo/official seal below it in the center. To the upper left, upper right, lower left, and lower right of the seal are what appear to be signatures, with a line of bold illegible text and a line of small illegible text beneath each signature line.]&lt;br /&gt;
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:[Caption beneath the panel:]&lt;br /&gt;
:If you put one of these up in your office, and no one notices, you've earned it.&lt;br /&gt;
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{{comic discussion}}&amp;lt;noinclude&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Self-reference]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Mathmaster</name></author>	</entry>

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