explain xkcd - User contributions [en]

500: Election

2015-09-27T00:13:00Z

Oiyarbepsy: /* Explanation */ get real about game changers

{{comic
| number = 500
| date = November 5, 2008
| title = Election
| image = election.png
| titletext = Someday I'll be rich enough to hire Nate Silver to help make all my life decisions. 'Should I sleep with her?' 'Well, I'm showing a 35% chance it will end badly.'
}}

==Explanation==
This comic was published the day after the {{w|United States presidential election, 2008|2008 presidential election}} in the US. [[Cueball]] has been closely following the quantitative aspect of the election for over a year and a half, and he seems to be relieved that it's over. Now that the election has passed, he does not have to follow the many different opinion polls, number-crunching analyses, and news clips about people like {{w|Joe the Plumber}} that he has kept close track of during the election season. As soon as he says this, however, he starts to search for information on the {{w|United States presidential election, 2012|2012 election}}, suggesting that his political obsession has not at all passed.

A list of the elements Cueball had been thinking about:
* {{w|Opinion poll|Opinion polls}}: These are simply surveys of voters' opinions on various issues and who they plan to vote for. They tend to be the primary source for predicting the outcome of elections as they can be created well in advance.
* {{w|Exit poll|Exit polls}}: These are surveys conducted with people who have just voted. They are useful as they provide data at the very last minute, so that no other unforeseen circumstances can affect people's decisions (and undecided is no longer an option). However they are not available until the last minute, and can be more biased than opinion polls.
* {{w|Margin of error|Margins of error}}: As censuses are expensive and ultimately pointless given that the election is effectively a big census, with did not vote as an option, {{w|pundits}} (or "talking-heads) use surveys, which involves just interviewing a hopefully representative random sample of voters. This however means that the surveys results are not likely to be quite the same as an equivalent census, a margin of error reflects how much variation could likely be expected due to the fact that a sample was used they do not cover issues such a sample being unrepresentative.
* {{w|Attack ad|Attack ads}}: Attack ads are a form of political campaigning where rather than emphasizing their own qualifications and attributes a candidate or a group affiliated with the candidate tries to convince voters that their opponents are unsuitable for the office.
* {{w|Game Change|Game-changers}}: Game-changers are events that pundits claim will lead to significant changes in polls. During an election season, at least one election event a month for each candidate is promoted as a "game-changer" by the media. In actuality, it usually has no affect on the outcome as most voters are already decided in US presidential elections.
* {{w|Opinion_poll#Tracking_polls|Tracking polls}}: A tracking poll is a poll repeated at intervals and averaged. For example, a monthly tracking poll uses the data from the past month and discards older data.
* {{w|Swing State|Swing states}}: In the United States several states have significant support for one party, and hence due to the fact that the electoral college gives all of a states vote to a single candidate, small changes in votes do not change the party which has the majority of the vote, and hence does not change who receives that state's electoral college votes. Other states, which have near equal support for the candidate are referred to as swing states, and are particularly interesting for pundits, as relatively small changes in votes can have significant effects on the end result.
* {{w|Swing Vote|Swing votes}}: Swing votes are similar to swing states, expect that they refer to groups of people. If there is a significant social group a large segment of which could possibly vote for either side, they are of particular interest for pundits.
* {{w|Bradley effect}}: The Bradley effect is a theory that in elections containing a minority candidate, polls will often tend to overstate their level of support. It is theorized that this is due to people not wanting to appear racist whilst being surveyed, so some people who support a non-minority candidate may either claim to be undecided or planning to vote for the minority candidate. However as voting is private, at that point they may reveal their true preference. The effect is named after Los Angeles Mayor {{w|Tom Bradley (American politician)|Tom Bradley}}, an African-American who lost the 1982 California governor's race despite having appeared to have a significant lead in the opinion polls. This effect was particularly interesting for pundits in the 2008 US Presidential Election because of the running of {{w|Barack Obama}}, the first African American presidential candidate. As there was no precedent for this at this level, some pundits were concerned about how much of his lead in the polls might be due to this effect.
* <name> the <occupation>: A significant event in the 2008 US Presidential Election was a question proposed to the then Democratic nominee Barack Obama by {{w|Joe the Plumber}}. This promoted a variety of hitbacks and counter-hits. Cueball is referring to the tendency of the media at the time to refer to many critics of the two candidates using the {{w|snowclone}} "<name> the <occupation>", where <name> is replaced by the person's first name and <occupation> by their occupation.

The title text is about statistician {{w|Nate Silver}}, who became something of a geek celebrity for his analysis during the campaign. He correctly predicted the outcomes of 49 of the 50 states in the 2008 election on his blog. It jokes that having him predict the outcomes of life decisions would make choosing the best thing to do very easy. So if Cueball ask Nate - "Should I sleep with her?" Then Nate could give him a forecast like this: "Well, I'm showing a 35% chance it will end badly."

==Transcript==
:[Cueball sits at his computer desk, staring at his computer.]

:Cueball: It's over.
:Cueball: After twenty months it's finally over.
:Cueball: I don't have to be an election junkie anymore.

:[Closeup of Cueball's face and screen.]

:Cueball: I don't have to care about opinion polls, exit polls, margins of error, attack ads, game-changers, tracking polls, swing states, swing votes, the Bradley effect, or <name> the <occupation>.
:Cueball: I'm free.

:[Cueball staring at his computer screen, full shot.]
:[Cueball types on his computer.]
:''Tap Tap''

:[On screen:]
:Google '2012 polling statistics'

{{comic discussion}}
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]
[[Category:Politics]]

482: Height

2015-09-26T04:19:19Z

Oiyarbepsy: /* Objects */ observable universe deserves a link

{{comic
| number = 482
| date = September 29, 2008
| title = Height
| before = [[#Explanation|↓ Skip to explanation ↓]]
| image = height.png
| titletext = Interestingly, on a true vertical log plot, I think the Eiffel Tower's sides would really be straight lines.
}}
{{TOC}}

==Explanation==
The comic is a companion piece to [[485: Depth]]. Where ''Depth'' uses a {{w|logarithmic scale}} to depict the Earth at progressively greater magnification, from Earth's surface to the interior of a single proton, ''Height'' uses a logarithmic scale to depict the contents of the universe at progressively smaller distances, from the edge of the observable universe to the grass beneath our feet.

Starting from the top, as one often does when reading comics, we begin with the top of the observable universe, described as being 46 billion {{w|light years}} out from the Earth. Randall is stating that this is the longest distance that a ray of light has ever traveled to reach Earth, which implies that the universe is about 46 billion years old. However, the universe is actually about 14 billion years old, but they universe is expanding and light expands with it [http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2014/11/aa21529-13/aa21529-13.html Planck 2013 results]. To the right of the text, [[Black Hat]] stands atop the comic, having just dropped a cat off the edge; he may be testing if cats always land on their feet, or may just be being a jerk, per his usual character. As one scrolls down, the depicted distances become less compressed, until arriving at the surface of Earth, all the while approaching a 1:1 scale with real-life distances. As shown in [[1162: Log Scale]], if Randall didn't do this, the comic would be much, MUCH longer.

In this comic, most objects that are grounded on Earth are scaled logarithmically on the vertical axes and linearly on the horizontal axes (some are scaled linearly on both axes). Displaying objects in this manner noticeably distorts their shape; the Great Pyramid, for instance, looks not like a pyramid but like a bullet. In the title text, Randall muses on how the inwardly-curved sides of the Eiffel Tower might actually become perfectly straightened when subjected to this logarithmic distortion, although it is shown to bulge in the comic proper, meaning Randall probably doesn't fully believe his own musings. The actual shape of the Tower approximates an {{w|Exponential function|exponential curve}}, which would indeed give a straight line on a log scale, although it was actually designed by {{w|Gustave Eiffel}} to minimize wind resistance rather than to be mathematically exact (the design is so perfect that the amount the Tower sways in the wind is less than the amount it is distorted due to thermal expansion of the sunlit side).

Outside of the Earth's atmosphere, the objects are placed at their actual distances from Earth on the log scale, but their shapes are not subjected to the logarithmic scaling of Earth objects, instead appearing as they would be seen (otherwise, round objects like the sun would appear more egg shaped, with the flatter side facing upward). However, objects are still much larger or much smaller than they would be in real life, in order to allow them to be properly seen.

===Objects===
All objects are sorted from bottom to top by their maximum distance from earth for objects in a solar orbit, and their current distance for others.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distance
! Object
! Description
|-
| 435 ×1024m
| Black Hat and cat
| Black Hat kicking a cat off the top of the comic, presumably to determine whether it will land on its feet.
|-
| 435 ×1024m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | Top of {{w|observable universe}}
|-
| 11.3 ×1024m
| {{w|Hubble Deep Field}} objects
| Objects of extremely distant galaxies found in a long-exposure photograph by of the Hubble telescope, 12 billion light-years away. The right most object is probably intended to be a pulsar, schematically shown from the side.
|-
| 9.46 ×1024m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | One billion light years
|-
| 3.1 ×1024m
| {{w|Pulsar}}
| A highly magnetized, rotating neutron star that emits a beam of electromagnetic radiation.
|-
| 2.36 ×1024m
| {{w|Great Attractor}}
| An unusual concentration of intergalactic mass.
|-
| 425 ×1021m
| {{w|Antennae Galaxies}} (colliding)
| A pair of colliding galaxies.
|-
| 23.6 ×1021m
| {{w|Andromeda Galaxy}}
| A sibling to our Milky Way. It is the nearest spiral galaxy to ours.
|-
| 9.46 ×1021m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | One million light years
|-
| 2.38 ×1021m
| [http://knowyourmeme.com/memes/cat-on-a-keyboard-in-space Cat on a keyboard in space]
| An internet meme featuring a picture of a cat sitting on a musical keyboard, superimposed on an image of space.
|-
| 1.56 ×1021m
| {{w|Magellanic Clouds}}
| These clouds are a pair of nearby dwarf galaxies.
|-
| 263 ×1018m
| Edge of Galaxy
| The edge of the {{w|Milky Way}} galaxy, the galaxy in which we reside.
|-
| 245 ×1018m
| {{w|Galactic Center}}
| The center of the Milky Way galaxy.
|-
| 61.5 ×1018m
| {{w|Crab Nebula}}
| Nebula are supernova remnants
|-
| 14.2 ×1018m
| {{w|Horsehead Nebula}}
| A dark nebula that is part of the Orion Constellation.
|-
| 12.7 ×1018m
| {{w|Orion Nebula}}
| A nebula that is part of the Orion Constellation, just south of Orion's Belt.
|-
| 8.14 ×1018m
| {{w|Rigel}}
| The brightest star in the Orion Constellation it is actually a triple star system known alternatively as Beta Orionis
|-
| 6.08 ×1018m
| {{w|Betelgeuse}}
| The star Betelgeuse is displayed along with the location of {{w|Ford_Prefect (character)|Ford Prefect}} on his home planet which orbits Betelgeuse. Ford Prefect is a fictional character from the science fiction parody {{w|The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy}}.
|-
| 4.20 ×1018m
| {{w|Pleiades}}
| The Pleiades also have a derogatory remark, as per [[66: Abusive Astronomy]]
|-
| 2.90 ×1018m
| The [http://en.memory-alpha.org/wiki/Romulan_Neutral_Zone Romulan Neutral Zone]
| This marks the edge of the {{w|Star Trek}} Federation.
|-
| 931 ×1015m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | The first radio broadcast was in January 1910. Since radio waves travel at the speed of light, and this was published in September of 2008 this the radio waves traveled about 98.5 light years. See {{w|Contact (1997 film)}} for a depiction of this. This is also referenced in [[1212: Interstellar Memes]].
|-
| 350 ×1015m
| {{w|Arcturus}}
| An orange giant star that is part of the Boötes constellation.
|-
| 320 ×1015m
| {{w|Pollux}}
| One of the most distinct stars in the Gemini Constellation it is large Orange Giant with an apparent visual magnitude of 1.1
|-
| 242 ×1015m
| The edge of {{w|Federation Sector 0-0-1}}
| The sector of space assigned to Earth in {{w|Star Trek}}.
|-
| 224 ×1015m
| {{w|Iraq and weapons of mass destruction|"missing WMDs"}}
| A reference to the alleged weapons of mass destruction that were used as a pretence to mobilize the world population against Iraq, and start the Iraq war.
|-
| 81.3 ×1015m
| {{w|Sirius}}
|Also known as Alpha Canis Majoris, the Dog Star, or the North Star it is actually a binary system of Stars consisting of a main sequence white star and a small white dwarf.
|-
| 56.6 ×1015m
| {{w|Barnard's Star}}
| Barnards star is a very small red giant that is of great interest to astronomers as an achievement in the SIM (Space Interforometry Mission) to find a celestial object out of solar system that is a s small as 3 earth masses
|-
| 41.3 ×1015m
| {{w|Alpha Centauri}}
| Alpha Centauri is the closest star system to our planet.
|-
| 30.9 ×1015m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | One parsec.
|-
| 9.46 ×1015m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | One light-year.
|-
| 15.0 ×1015m
| {{w|Oort cloud}}
| A halo of ice balls surrounding our solar system, but missing the {{w|Kupier belt}} between Neptune and the Oort cloud.
|-
| 350 ×1012m
| {{w|Bupkis}}
| Yiddish for "nothing". Only a handful of objects are known to orbit between the Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud.
|-
| 55.0 ×1012m
| A comet which will destroy earth in late 2063
| To coincide with the latest biblicaly based prophesy for the [http://www.askelm.com/prophecy/p971105.htm end of the world].
|-
| 19.5 ×1012m
| {{w|Voyager 1}}
| An early space probe. Distance correct as of 20th Nov 2014, click [http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/where/ here] to see NASA's live distance counter.
|-
| 16.7 ×1012m
| {{w|Pioneer 10}}
| Listed distance is an estimate based on {{w|Pioneer_10#Current_status|this information}}.
|-
| 17.7 ×1012m
| {{w|Pioneer 11}}
| By the similarity in appearance to Pioneer 10 this unlabeled probe must be Pioneer 11. Listed distance is an estimate based on {{w|Pioneer_11#Current_status|this information}}.
|-
| 14.5 ×1012m
| {{w|Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris}}
| One of a pair of {{w|Trans-Neptunian object}}s now classified as {{w|dwarf planet}}s. The "All hail Discordia!" after Eris is a reference to {{w|Discordianism}}, a somewhat tongue-in-cheek religion based around the goddess Eris. The distance is the maximum distance from earth.
|-
| 7.50 ×1012m
| {{w|Pluto}}
| One of a pair of {{w|Trans-Neptunian object}}s now classified as {{w|dwarf planet}}s. Pluto was originally classified as the 9th planet of the Solar system. Many people was appalled when it was suddenly degraded to dwarf planet. Obviously Randall does not think much of these people thus the comment: ''Not a planet. Neener neener''. The distance is the maximum distance of Pluto from Earth.
|-
| 4.70 ×1012m
| {{w|Neptune}}
| Neptune is displayed here with its moons. Neptune is the eighth and final planet in our solar system.
|-
| 3.20 ×1012m
| {{w|Uranus}}
| Uranus is dispayed here with its moons. Uranus is the seventh planet in our solar system.
|-
| 1.67 ×1012m
| {{w|Saturn}}
| Saturn is displayed along with its moons. One of Saturn's moons, most likely Titan, is labeled as a potential location to find life. Titan is the only known moon to have an atmosphere and oceans. The oceans cannot be filled with liquid water, as it is far too cold, but are instead filled with liquid methane and ethane. Some hypothisize that life could have formed in such oceans.
|-
| 928 ×109m
| {{w|Jupiter}}
| Jupiter is displayed along with its moons. One of Jupiter's moons, most likely Europa, is labeled as a potential location to find life. Europa may be covered by a deep ocean of water found under a layer of ice many kilometers thick. Some hypothisize that life could have formed in such oceans.
|-
| 222 ×109m
| Asteroids
| The {{w|Asteroid|Asteroid belt}} contains a spaceship from {{w|Asteroids (video game)}}
|-
| 133 ×109m
| {{w|Mars}}
| Note the path, reflecting the fact that their distances from Earth vary as the planets move in their orbits with a maximum distance of 261 million km and a minimum of 54.6 million km.
|-
| 114 ×109m
| {{w|Venus}}
| Note the path, reflecting the fact that their distances from Earth vary as the planets move in their orbits with a maximum distance of 401 million km and a minimum of 37.7 million km.
|-
| 138 ×109m
| {{w|Mercury}}
| Mercury is the first planet in out solar system. The distance shown is the maximum distance from Earth.
|-
| 149 ×109m
| {{w|Sun}}
| The Sun is the star at the center of our solar system, around which the Earth orbits.
|-
| 16.3 ×109m
| {{w|Discovery One}}
| The Discovery One from {{w|2001: A Space Odyssey}}, referring to the quote "open the pod bay door, HAL." Also may be a reference to [[375: Pod Bay Doors]].
|-
| 9.43 ×109m
| Planet Express
| The spaceplane is most likely the Planet Express from {{w|Futurama}}, where Fry once discussed "a big heaping bowl of salt."
|-
| 400 ×106m
| Human Altitude Record
| Achieved by the team of {{w|Apollo 13}} approximately 100km higher than the remaining Apollo missions.
|-
| 384 ×106m
| {{w|Moon}}
| The Moon is the Earth's only natural satellite.
|-
| 90.4 ×106m
| {{w|Snoop Dogg}}
| A tongue-in-cheek reference to a rapper notorious for smoking marijuana, shown as having the second-highest altitude record. Someone who is taking drugs is said to be getting high.
|-
| 60.5 ×106m
| {{w|Space elevator}}
| A proposed method of transporting cargo or people into orbit, consisting of a large mass beyond geosynchronous orbit, a station at the geosynchronous point, a cable connecting it to the Earth, and a climber that can scale the cable. Space elevators are also seen in [[697: Tensile vs. Shear Strength]] and [[536: Space Elevators]].
|-
| 42.1 ×106m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | {{w|Geosynchronous orbit|Geosynchronous Orbit}}
|-
| 20.2 ×106m
| {{w|GPS (satellite)|GPS Satellites}}
| GPS satellites are used for global positioning.
|-
| 3.94 ×106m
| {{w|Lunar Lander}}
| The quote is a reference to {{w|Contact (1997 film)}} where the main character Ellie Arroway after witnessing a celestial light show up close says "Poetry! They should've sent a poet.".
|-
| 800 ×103m
| {{w|Space debris|Space Junk}}
| There is a large quantity of defunct objects in orbit around the earth. Amongst other things, this includes old satellites, rocket stages and fragments from collisions or disintegration. Space junk is also referenced in [[1242: Scary Names]] under the title {{w|Kessler syndrome}}
|-
| 422.5 ×103m
| {{w|International Space Station}}
| The ISS (International Space Station) is a multinational effort to put a research vessel in space. It is currently the largest artifical object in Earth's orbit, as well as the location of the longest continuous human presence in space.
|-
| 100 ×103m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | The {{w|Edge of space|official edge of space}} as defined by the {{w|Kármán line}}
|-
| 76.0 ×103m
| {{w|Meteors}}
| Meteors are chunks of rock (usually asteroids) that burn up in the atmosphere, producing the bright light associated with them. If the are large enough to hit the ground, they become meteorites, which is why Munroe labeled them only in the upper atmosphere.
|-
| 25.0 ×103m
| {{w|High-altitude balloon|High-altitude balloons}}
| Unmanned balloons, typically filled with helium or hydrogen. The current altitude record was set in 2002 by a balloon named BU60-1 which reached 53,000m.
|-
| 16.1 ×103m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | 1/10 ATM = 0.1 {{w|Atmospheric pressure|atmosphere of pressure}}
|-
| 12.0 ×103m
| {{w|Airliner|Airliners}}
| This is a typical cruising altitude of jet aircraft, equating to roughly 40,000 feet. (Aircraft altitude tends to be specified in feet rather than metres (yay!) )
|-
| 8.84 ×103m
| {{w|Mount Everest}}
| The Earths highest mountain, located in the {{w|Himalayas|Himalayan mountain range}} in South Asia.
|-
| 8.00 ×103m
| {{w|Cory Doctorow}}
| Cory Doctorow in a balloon, a reference to comic [[239: Blagofaire]].
|-
| 6.34 ×103m
| {{w|Space Shuttle Columbia disaster}}
| The {{w|Space Shuttle Columbia}} and its seven crew were lost when it disintegrated at [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6v16AgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA7&ots=LDKQ3nsNHs&dq=shuttle%20columbia%20altitude&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q=shuttle%20columbia%20altitude&f=false approximately 63,400m] in 2003. This number is inconsistent with the height of the graph by a factor of 10 probably a mistype by Randall.
|-
| 6.00 ×103m
| {{w|Helicopter}}
| Though the record for helicopter altitude (without payload) is 12,442m, normal flying is usually performed much lower. In the US, 6000m is into {{w|Class A airspace}}, which is restricted and requires flight under {{w|Instrument Flight Rules}}.
|-
| 6.00 ×103m
| {{w|Cloud}}
| Though not actually labelled there are a couple of clouds shown. While different cloud types vary in height, 6000m is roughly in the middle of the height range for clouds in temperate regions [http://weatherfaqs.org.uk/node/21]
|-
| 5.49 ×103m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | 1/2 ATM = 0.5 {{w|Atmospheric pressure|atmosphere of pressure}}
|-
| 1.78 ×103m
| [[Cueball]]
| Apparently still using Python as shown in comic [[353: Python]].
|-
| 800 ×100m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | 800 meters
|-
| 800 ×100m
| {{w|Burj Khalifa|Burj Dubai}}
| Now known as the Burj Khalifa, is the tallest building in the world.
|-
| 500 ×100m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | 500 meters
|-
| 400 ×100m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | 400 meters
|-
| 325 ×100m
| {{w|Eiffel Tower}}
| A famous landmark in Paris, France.
|-
| 300 ×100m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | 300 meters
|-
| 200 ×100m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | 200 meters
|-
| 150 ×100m
| Kite
| Kite string is commonly sold in large spools; a nice thick spool will probably hold 150 meters.
|-
| 140 ×100m
| {{w|Great Pyramid of Giza}}
| One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It is located in Egypt.
|-
| 120 ×100m
| {{w|Baseball|Pop Fly}}
| In Baseball a 'Pop Fly' is when the batter mis-hits the baseball, which then follows a tall arc deep into the infield where it's easy picking for the other team to catch on its way down. The highest recorded pop fly, not including those that landed in foul territory, was 172 meters.
|-
| 115 ×100m
| {{w|Redwood Tree|Redwood trees}}
| The tallest trees in the world. At 115.61m (379.3ft) {{w|Hyperion (tree)|Hyperion}}, a Coast Redwood, holds the record for the tallest tree in the world.
|-
| 100 ×100m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | 100 meters
|-
| 20.0 ×100m
| {{w|Oak}}
| While oaks may grow to be in excess of 40m in height, heights of around 20m are more typical. The person in the tree saying, "Hey, squirrels!" is a reference to [[167: Nihilism]].
|-
| 16.4 ×100m
| Tallest stilts
| The tallest {{w|stilts}} recorded by the Guinness Book of World Records (as of November 2006) were 16.4 meters, or nearly 54 feet.
|-
| 13.0 ×100m
| {{w|Brachiosaurus|Brachiosaur}}
| A large genus of dinosaur.
|-
| 8.00 ×100m
| {{w|Giraffe}}
| The tallest living terrestrial animal, with fully grown adults reaching in excess of 5 m. While labelled 8m in the comic, the [http://www.big-animals.com/the-giraffe-the-worlds-tallest-animal/ record] for height is reported at 5.8m.
|-
| 1.70 ×100m
| {{w|Human height|Folks}}
| Determining an average height of the world population is fraught with complications, but as a ballpark figure 1.7m is fairly accurate.
|}

==Transcript==
:'''Top of observable universe'''
:[Black Hat is standing on top, throwing a black kitty down.]
:Black Cat: Mrowl!
:[Map of the universe from observable universe to Earth. Each area of item is labeled. Labels left to right, up to down:]
:(46 billion light years up)
::Hubble Deep Field Objects
:-One billion light years-
::Great Attractor
::Antennae Galaxies (colliding)
::Andromeda
::Holy crap lots of space
:-One million light years-
::Magellanic Clouds
::Edge of galaxy
::Galactic center
::Crab Nebula
::Orion Nebula
::Horsehead Nebula
::Romulan neutral zone
::The Pleiades, duh!
::Rigel
::Betelgeuse
::Ford Prefect
:[Three arrows are pointing up above three lines with the following label:]
:-Expanding shell of radio transmissions-
::[Above a dotted line:]
::Edge of federation sector 0-0-1
::Pollux
::Arcturus
::Missing WMDs
::Sirius
::Barnard's Star
::Alpha Centauri
:-One parsec-
:-One light year-
::Oort Cloud (?)
::Bupkis
::Comet which will destroy Earth in late 2063
::Pioneer 10
::Voyager I
::Eris (All hail Discordia!)
::Pluto (Not a planet. Neener neener.)
::Neptune
::Uranus
::Saturn
::[Two arrows point to two moons, one next to each of the planets aboe and below.]
::<-- Life -->
::Jupiter
::Asteroids
::Mars
::Venus
::Sun
::Mercury
::Spaceship Planet Express: Hey, a heaping bowl of salt!
::Spaceship Discovery One: Open the fridge door, Hal.
::Moon
::Human altitude record (Apollo 13)
::2nd place: Snoop Dogg
::Space elevator - One of these days, promise!
::Geosynchronous Orbit
::GPS satellites
::Lunar lander: In retrospect, they shouldn't have sent a poet. I have no idea how to land.
::International Space Station
::Space junk
:-Official edge of space (100 km)-
::Meteors
:-1/10 ATM-
::High altitude balloons
::Airliners
::Shuttle Columbia lost
:-1/2 ATM-
::Cory Doctrow
::Everest
::Helicopters (6000 m)
::Cueball: Woo Python!
::[A vertical scale is drawn along the right side of the picture, starting at 1 km and getting progressivly smaller and smaller.]
:1 km
:-800 m-
::Burj Dubai (~800 m)
:500
:400
::Eiffel Tower (325 m)
:200
::Kites
::Great Pyramid (140 m)
::Pop fly
::Redwood (115 m)
:100m
::Oak (20 m)
::A person in the oak: Hey squirrels!
::Tallest stilts
::Brachiosaur (13 m)
::Giraffe (8 m)
::[Megan and Cueball holding the kite are labeled:]
::Folks
:'''The observable universe, from top to bottom''''
::~On a log scale~
::Sizes are not to scale, but heights above the Earth's surface are accurate on a log scale (that is, each step up is double the height.)

{{comic discussion}}
[[Category:Charts]]
[[Category:Large drawings]]
[[Category:Comics with inverted brightness]]
[[Category:Comics featuring Cory Doctorow]]
[[Category:Comics featuring Black Hat]]
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]
[[Category:Comics featuring Megan]]
[[Category:Baseball]]
[[Category:Animals]]
[[Category:Dinosaurs]]
[[Category:Giraffes]]
[[Category:Space]]

482: Height

2015-09-26T04:10:59Z

Oiyarbepsy: /* Explanation */ correctly explain the observable universe

{{comic
| number = 482
| date = September 29, 2008
| title = Height
| before = [[#Explanation|↓ Skip to explanation ↓]]
| image = height.png
| titletext = Interestingly, on a true vertical log plot, I think the Eiffel Tower's sides would really be straight lines.
}}
{{TOC}}

==Explanation==
The comic is a companion piece to [[485: Depth]]. Where ''Depth'' uses a {{w|logarithmic scale}} to depict the Earth at progressively greater magnification, from Earth's surface to the interior of a single proton, ''Height'' uses a logarithmic scale to depict the contents of the universe at progressively smaller distances, from the edge of the observable universe to the grass beneath our feet.

Starting from the top, as one often does when reading comics, we begin with the top of the observable universe, described as being 46 billion {{w|light years}} out from the Earth. Randall is stating that this is the longest distance that a ray of light has ever traveled to reach Earth, which implies that the universe is about 46 billion years old. However, the universe is actually about 14 billion years old, but they universe is expanding and light expands with it [http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2014/11/aa21529-13/aa21529-13.html Planck 2013 results]. To the right of the text, [[Black Hat]] stands atop the comic, having just dropped a cat off the edge; he may be testing if cats always land on their feet, or may just be being a jerk, per his usual character. As one scrolls down, the depicted distances become less compressed, until arriving at the surface of Earth, all the while approaching a 1:1 scale with real-life distances. As shown in [[1162: Log Scale]], if Randall didn't do this, the comic would be much, MUCH longer.

In this comic, most objects that are grounded on Earth are scaled logarithmically on the vertical axes and linearly on the horizontal axes (some are scaled linearly on both axes). Displaying objects in this manner noticeably distorts their shape; the Great Pyramid, for instance, looks not like a pyramid but like a bullet. In the title text, Randall muses on how the inwardly-curved sides of the Eiffel Tower might actually become perfectly straightened when subjected to this logarithmic distortion, although it is shown to bulge in the comic proper, meaning Randall probably doesn't fully believe his own musings. The actual shape of the Tower approximates an {{w|Exponential function|exponential curve}}, which would indeed give a straight line on a log scale, although it was actually designed by {{w|Gustave Eiffel}} to minimize wind resistance rather than to be mathematically exact (the design is so perfect that the amount the Tower sways in the wind is less than the amount it is distorted due to thermal expansion of the sunlit side).

Outside of the Earth's atmosphere, the objects are placed at their actual distances from Earth on the log scale, but their shapes are not subjected to the logarithmic scaling of Earth objects, instead appearing as they would be seen (otherwise, round objects like the sun would appear more egg shaped, with the flatter side facing upward). However, objects are still much larger or much smaller than they would be in real life, in order to allow them to be properly seen.

===Objects===
All objects are sorted from bottom to top by their maximum distance from earth for objects in a solar orbit, and their current distance for others.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distance
! Object
! Description
|-
| 435 ×1024m
| Black Hat and cat
| Black Hat kicking a cat off the top of the comic, presumably to determine whether it will land on its feet.
|-
| 435 ×1024m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | Top of observable universe
|-
| 11.3 ×1024m
| {{w|Hubble Deep Field}} objects
| Objects of extremely distant galaxies found in a long-exposure photograph by of the Hubble telescope, 12 billion light-years away. The right most object is probably intended to be a pulsar, schematically shown from the side.
|-
| 9.46 ×1024m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | One billion light years
|-
| 3.1 ×1024m
| {{w|Pulsar}}
| A highly magnetized, rotating neutron star that emits a beam of electromagnetic radiation.
|-
| 2.36 ×1024m
| {{w|Great Attractor}}
| An unusual concentration of intergalactic mass.
|-
| 425 ×1021m
| {{w|Antennae Galaxies}} (colliding)
| A pair of colliding galaxies.
|-
| 23.6 ×1021m
| {{w|Andromeda Galaxy}}
| A sibling to our Milky Way. It is the nearest spiral galaxy to ours.
|-
| 9.46 ×1021m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | One million light years
|-
| 2.38 ×1021m
| [http://knowyourmeme.com/memes/cat-on-a-keyboard-in-space Cat on a keyboard in space]
| An internet meme featuring a picture of a cat sitting on a musical keyboard, superimposed on an image of space.
|-
| 1.56 ×1021m
| {{w|Magellanic Clouds}}
| These clouds are a pair of nearby dwarf galaxies.
|-
| 263 ×1018m
| Edge of Galaxy
| The edge of the {{w|Milky Way}} galaxy, the galaxy in which we reside.
|-
| 245 ×1018m
| {{w|Galactic Center}}
| The center of the Milky Way galaxy.
|-
| 61.5 ×1018m
| {{w|Crab Nebula}}
| Nebula are supernova remnants
|-
| 14.2 ×1018m
| {{w|Horsehead Nebula}}
| A dark nebula that is part of the Orion Constellation.
|-
| 12.7 ×1018m
| {{w|Orion Nebula}}
| A nebula that is part of the Orion Constellation, just south of Orion's Belt.
|-
| 8.14 ×1018m
| {{w|Rigel}}
| The brightest star in the Orion Constellation it is actually a triple star system known alternatively as Beta Orionis
|-
| 6.08 ×1018m
| {{w|Betelgeuse}}
| The star Betelgeuse is displayed along with the location of {{w|Ford_Prefect (character)|Ford Prefect}} on his home planet which orbits Betelgeuse. Ford Prefect is a fictional character from the science fiction parody {{w|The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy}}.
|-
| 4.20 ×1018m
| {{w|Pleiades}}
| The Pleiades also have a derogatory remark, as per [[66: Abusive Astronomy]]
|-
| 2.90 ×1018m
| The [http://en.memory-alpha.org/wiki/Romulan_Neutral_Zone Romulan Neutral Zone]
| This marks the edge of the {{w|Star Trek}} Federation.
|-
| 931 ×1015m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | The first radio broadcast was in January 1910. Since radio waves travel at the speed of light, and this was published in September of 2008 this the radio waves traveled about 98.5 light years. See {{w|Contact (1997 film)}} for a depiction of this. This is also referenced in [[1212: Interstellar Memes]].
|-
| 350 ×1015m
| {{w|Arcturus}}
| An orange giant star that is part of the Boötes constellation.
|-
| 320 ×1015m
| {{w|Pollux}}
| One of the most distinct stars in the Gemini Constellation it is large Orange Giant with an apparent visual magnitude of 1.1
|-
| 242 ×1015m
| The edge of {{w|Federation Sector 0-0-1}}
| The sector of space assigned to Earth in {{w|Star Trek}}.
|-
| 224 ×1015m
| {{w|Iraq and weapons of mass destruction|"missing WMDs"}}
| A reference to the alleged weapons of mass destruction that were used as a pretence to mobilize the world population against Iraq, and start the Iraq war.
|-
| 81.3 ×1015m
| {{w|Sirius}}
|Also known as Alpha Canis Majoris, the Dog Star, or the North Star it is actually a binary system of Stars consisting of a main sequence white star and a small white dwarf.
|-
| 56.6 ×1015m
| {{w|Barnard's Star}}
| Barnards star is a very small red giant that is of great interest to astronomers as an achievement in the SIM (Space Interforometry Mission) to find a celestial object out of solar system that is a s small as 3 earth masses
|-
| 41.3 ×1015m
| {{w|Alpha Centauri}}
| Alpha Centauri is the closest star system to our planet.
|-
| 30.9 ×1015m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | One parsec.
|-
| 9.46 ×1015m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | One light-year.
|-
| 15.0 ×1015m
| {{w|Oort cloud}}
| A halo of ice balls surrounding our solar system, but missing the {{w|Kupier belt}} between Neptune and the Oort cloud.
|-
| 350 ×1012m
| {{w|Bupkis}}
| Yiddish for "nothing". Only a handful of objects are known to orbit between the Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud.
|-
| 55.0 ×1012m
| A comet which will destroy earth in late 2063
| To coincide with the latest biblicaly based prophesy for the [http://www.askelm.com/prophecy/p971105.htm end of the world].
|-
| 19.5 ×1012m
| {{w|Voyager 1}}
| An early space probe. Distance correct as of 20th Nov 2014, click [http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/where/ here] to see NASA's live distance counter.
|-
| 16.7 ×1012m
| {{w|Pioneer 10}}
| Listed distance is an estimate based on {{w|Pioneer_10#Current_status|this information}}.
|-
| 17.7 ×1012m
| {{w|Pioneer 11}}
| By the similarity in appearance to Pioneer 10 this unlabeled probe must be Pioneer 11. Listed distance is an estimate based on {{w|Pioneer_11#Current_status|this information}}.
|-
| 14.5 ×1012m
| {{w|Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris}}
| One of a pair of {{w|Trans-Neptunian object}}s now classified as {{w|dwarf planet}}s. The "All hail Discordia!" after Eris is a reference to {{w|Discordianism}}, a somewhat tongue-in-cheek religion based around the goddess Eris. The distance is the maximum distance from earth.
|-
| 7.50 ×1012m
| {{w|Pluto}}
| One of a pair of {{w|Trans-Neptunian object}}s now classified as {{w|dwarf planet}}s. Pluto was originally classified as the 9th planet of the Solar system. Many people was appalled when it was suddenly degraded to dwarf planet. Obviously Randall does not think much of these people thus the comment: ''Not a planet. Neener neener''. The distance is the maximum distance of Pluto from Earth.
|-
| 4.70 ×1012m
| {{w|Neptune}}
| Neptune is displayed here with its moons. Neptune is the eighth and final planet in our solar system.
|-
| 3.20 ×1012m
| {{w|Uranus}}
| Uranus is dispayed here with its moons. Uranus is the seventh planet in our solar system.
|-
| 1.67 ×1012m
| {{w|Saturn}}
| Saturn is displayed along with its moons. One of Saturn's moons, most likely Titan, is labeled as a potential location to find life. Titan is the only known moon to have an atmosphere and oceans. The oceans cannot be filled with liquid water, as it is far too cold, but are instead filled with liquid methane and ethane. Some hypothisize that life could have formed in such oceans.
|-
| 928 ×109m
| {{w|Jupiter}}
| Jupiter is displayed along with its moons. One of Jupiter's moons, most likely Europa, is labeled as a potential location to find life. Europa may be covered by a deep ocean of water found under a layer of ice many kilometers thick. Some hypothisize that life could have formed in such oceans.
|-
| 222 ×109m
| Asteroids
| The {{w|Asteroid|Asteroid belt}} contains a spaceship from {{w|Asteroids (video game)}}
|-
| 133 ×109m
| {{w|Mars}}
| Note the path, reflecting the fact that their distances from Earth vary as the planets move in their orbits with a maximum distance of 261 million km and a minimum of 54.6 million km.
|-
| 114 ×109m
| {{w|Venus}}
| Note the path, reflecting the fact that their distances from Earth vary as the planets move in their orbits with a maximum distance of 401 million km and a minimum of 37.7 million km.
|-
| 138 ×109m
| {{w|Mercury}}
| Mercury is the first planet in out solar system. The distance shown is the maximum distance from Earth.
|-
| 149 ×109m
| {{w|Sun}}
| The Sun is the star at the center of our solar system, around which the Earth orbits.
|-
| 16.3 ×109m
| {{w|Discovery One}}
| The Discovery One from {{w|2001: A Space Odyssey}}, referring to the quote "open the pod bay door, HAL." Also may be a reference to [[375: Pod Bay Doors]].
|-
| 9.43 ×109m
| Planet Express
| The spaceplane is most likely the Planet Express from {{w|Futurama}}, where Fry once discussed "a big heaping bowl of salt."
|-
| 400 ×106m
| Human Altitude Record
| Achieved by the team of {{w|Apollo 13}} approximately 100km higher than the remaining Apollo missions.
|-
| 384 ×106m
| {{w|Moon}}
| The Moon is the Earth's only natural satellite.
|-
| 90.4 ×106m
| {{w|Snoop Dogg}}
| A tongue-in-cheek reference to a rapper notorious for smoking marijuana, shown as having the second-highest altitude record. Someone who is taking drugs is said to be getting high.
|-
| 60.5 ×106m
| {{w|Space elevator}}
| A proposed method of transporting cargo or people into orbit, consisting of a large mass beyond geosynchronous orbit, a station at the geosynchronous point, a cable connecting it to the Earth, and a climber that can scale the cable. Space elevators are also seen in [[697: Tensile vs. Shear Strength]] and [[536: Space Elevators]].
|-
| 42.1 ×106m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | {{w|Geosynchronous orbit|Geosynchronous Orbit}}
|-
| 20.2 ×106m
| {{w|GPS (satellite)|GPS Satellites}}
| GPS satellites are used for global positioning.
|-
| 3.94 ×106m
| {{w|Lunar Lander}}
| The quote is a reference to {{w|Contact (1997 film)}} where the main character Ellie Arroway after witnessing a celestial light show up close says "Poetry! They should've sent a poet.".
|-
| 800 ×103m
| {{w|Space debris|Space Junk}}
| There is a large quantity of defunct objects in orbit around the earth. Amongst other things, this includes old satellites, rocket stages and fragments from collisions or disintegration. Space junk is also referenced in [[1242: Scary Names]] under the title {{w|Kessler syndrome}}
|-
| 422.5 ×103m
| {{w|International Space Station}}
| The ISS (International Space Station) is a multinational effort to put a research vessel in space. It is currently the largest artifical object in Earth's orbit, as well as the location of the longest continuous human presence in space.
|-
| 100 ×103m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | The {{w|Edge of space|official edge of space}} as defined by the {{w|Kármán line}}
|-
| 76.0 ×103m
| {{w|Meteors}}
| Meteors are chunks of rock (usually asteroids) that burn up in the atmosphere, producing the bright light associated with them. If the are large enough to hit the ground, they become meteorites, which is why Munroe labeled them only in the upper atmosphere.
|-
| 25.0 ×103m
| {{w|High-altitude balloon|High-altitude balloons}}
| Unmanned balloons, typically filled with helium or hydrogen. The current altitude record was set in 2002 by a balloon named BU60-1 which reached 53,000m.
|-
| 16.1 ×103m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | 1/10 ATM = 0.1 {{w|Atmospheric pressure|atmosphere of pressure}}
|-
| 12.0 ×103m
| {{w|Airliner|Airliners}}
| This is a typical cruising altitude of jet aircraft, equating to roughly 40,000 feet. (Aircraft altitude tends to be specified in feet rather than metres (yay!) )
|-
| 8.84 ×103m
| {{w|Mount Everest}}
| The Earths highest mountain, located in the {{w|Himalayas|Himalayan mountain range}} in South Asia.
|-
| 8.00 ×103m
| {{w|Cory Doctorow}}
| Cory Doctorow in a balloon, a reference to comic [[239: Blagofaire]].
|-
| 6.34 ×103m
| {{w|Space Shuttle Columbia disaster}}
| The {{w|Space Shuttle Columbia}} and its seven crew were lost when it disintegrated at [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6v16AgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA7&ots=LDKQ3nsNHs&dq=shuttle%20columbia%20altitude&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q=shuttle%20columbia%20altitude&f=false approximately 63,400m] in 2003. This number is inconsistent with the height of the graph by a factor of 10 probably a mistype by Randall.
|-
| 6.00 ×103m
| {{w|Helicopter}}
| Though the record for helicopter altitude (without payload) is 12,442m, normal flying is usually performed much lower. In the US, 6000m is into {{w|Class A airspace}}, which is restricted and requires flight under {{w|Instrument Flight Rules}}.
|-
| 6.00 ×103m
| {{w|Cloud}}
| Though not actually labelled there are a couple of clouds shown. While different cloud types vary in height, 6000m is roughly in the middle of the height range for clouds in temperate regions [http://weatherfaqs.org.uk/node/21]
|-
| 5.49 ×103m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | 1/2 ATM = 0.5 {{w|Atmospheric pressure|atmosphere of pressure}}
|-
| 1.78 ×103m
| [[Cueball]]
| Apparently still using Python as shown in comic [[353: Python]].
|-
| 800 ×100m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | 800 meters
|-
| 800 ×100m
| {{w|Burj Khalifa|Burj Dubai}}
| Now known as the Burj Khalifa, is the tallest building in the world.
|-
| 500 ×100m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | 500 meters
|-
| 400 ×100m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | 400 meters
|-
| 325 ×100m
| {{w|Eiffel Tower}}
| A famous landmark in Paris, France.
|-
| 300 ×100m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | 300 meters
|-
| 200 ×100m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | 200 meters
|-
| 150 ×100m
| Kite
| Kite string is commonly sold in large spools; a nice thick spool will probably hold 150 meters.
|-
| 140 ×100m
| {{w|Great Pyramid of Giza}}
| One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It is located in Egypt.
|-
| 120 ×100m
| {{w|Baseball|Pop Fly}}
| In Baseball a 'Pop Fly' is when the batter mis-hits the baseball, which then follows a tall arc deep into the infield where it's easy picking for the other team to catch on its way down. The highest recorded pop fly, not including those that landed in foul territory, was 172 meters.
|-
| 115 ×100m
| {{w|Redwood Tree|Redwood trees}}
| The tallest trees in the world. At 115.61m (379.3ft) {{w|Hyperion (tree)|Hyperion}}, a Coast Redwood, holds the record for the tallest tree in the world.
|-
| 100 ×100m
| colspan="2" align="center" style="background: #ffdead;" | 100 meters
|-
| 20.0 ×100m
| {{w|Oak}}
| While oaks may grow to be in excess of 40m in height, heights of around 20m are more typical. The person in the tree saying, "Hey, squirrels!" is a reference to [[167: Nihilism]].
|-
| 16.4 ×100m
| Tallest stilts
| The tallest {{w|stilts}} recorded by the Guinness Book of World Records (as of November 2006) were 16.4 meters, or nearly 54 feet.
|-
| 13.0 ×100m
| {{w|Brachiosaurus|Brachiosaur}}
| A large genus of dinosaur.
|-
| 8.00 ×100m
| {{w|Giraffe}}
| The tallest living terrestrial animal, with fully grown adults reaching in excess of 5 m. While labelled 8m in the comic, the [http://www.big-animals.com/the-giraffe-the-worlds-tallest-animal/ record] for height is reported at 5.8m.
|-
| 1.70 ×100m
| {{w|Human height|Folks}}
| Determining an average height of the world population is fraught with complications, but as a ballpark figure 1.7m is fairly accurate.
|}

==Transcript==
:'''Top of observable universe'''
:[Black Hat is standing on top, throwing a black kitty down.]
:Black Cat: Mrowl!
:[Map of the universe from observable universe to Earth. Each area of item is labeled. Labels left to right, up to down:]
:(46 billion light years up)
::Hubble Deep Field Objects
:-One billion light years-
::Great Attractor
::Antennae Galaxies (colliding)
::Andromeda
::Holy crap lots of space
:-One million light years-
::Magellanic Clouds
::Edge of galaxy
::Galactic center
::Crab Nebula
::Orion Nebula
::Horsehead Nebula
::Romulan neutral zone
::The Pleiades, duh!
::Rigel
::Betelgeuse
::Ford Prefect
:[Three arrows are pointing up above three lines with the following label:]
:-Expanding shell of radio transmissions-
::[Above a dotted line:]
::Edge of federation sector 0-0-1
::Pollux
::Arcturus
::Missing WMDs
::Sirius
::Barnard's Star
::Alpha Centauri
:-One parsec-
:-One light year-
::Oort Cloud (?)
::Bupkis
::Comet which will destroy Earth in late 2063
::Pioneer 10
::Voyager I
::Eris (All hail Discordia!)
::Pluto (Not a planet. Neener neener.)
::Neptune
::Uranus
::Saturn
::[Two arrows point to two moons, one next to each of the planets aboe and below.]
::<-- Life -->
::Jupiter
::Asteroids
::Mars
::Venus
::Sun
::Mercury
::Spaceship Planet Express: Hey, a heaping bowl of salt!
::Spaceship Discovery One: Open the fridge door, Hal.
::Moon
::Human altitude record (Apollo 13)
::2nd place: Snoop Dogg
::Space elevator - One of these days, promise!
::Geosynchronous Orbit
::GPS satellites
::Lunar lander: In retrospect, they shouldn't have sent a poet. I have no idea how to land.
::International Space Station
::Space junk
:-Official edge of space (100 km)-
::Meteors
:-1/10 ATM-
::High altitude balloons
::Airliners
::Shuttle Columbia lost
:-1/2 ATM-
::Cory Doctrow
::Everest
::Helicopters (6000 m)
::Cueball: Woo Python!
::[A vertical scale is drawn along the right side of the picture, starting at 1 km and getting progressivly smaller and smaller.]
:1 km
:-800 m-
::Burj Dubai (~800 m)
:500
:400
::Eiffel Tower (325 m)
:200
::Kites
::Great Pyramid (140 m)
::Pop fly
::Redwood (115 m)
:100m
::Oak (20 m)
::A person in the oak: Hey squirrels!
::Tallest stilts
::Brachiosaur (13 m)
::Giraffe (8 m)
::[Megan and Cueball holding the kite are labeled:]
::Folks
:'''The observable universe, from top to bottom''''
::~On a log scale~
::Sizes are not to scale, but heights above the Earth's surface are accurate on a log scale (that is, each step up is double the height.)

{{comic discussion}}
[[Category:Charts]]
[[Category:Large drawings]]
[[Category:Comics with inverted brightness]]
[[Category:Comics featuring Cory Doctorow]]
[[Category:Comics featuring Black Hat]]
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]
[[Category:Comics featuring Megan]]
[[Category:Baseball]]
[[Category:Animals]]
[[Category:Dinosaurs]]
[[Category:Giraffes]]
[[Category:Space]]

473: Still Raw

2015-09-26T04:01:15Z

Oiyarbepsy: /* Explanation */

{{comic
| number = 473
| date = September 8, 2008
| title = Still Raw
| image = still raw.png
| titletext = We actually divorced once over the airplane/treadmill argument. (Preemptive response to the inevitable threads arguing about it: you're all wrong on the internet.)
}}

==Explanation==
[[Cueball]] has been thrown out of his house because he believes that {{w|Pluto}} should never have been a {{w|planet}}. Pluto was considered "the ninth planet" in our {{w|solar system}} between 1930 and 2006. (Jupiter was thought to be the ninth planet [http://spaceweather.com/swpod2006/13sep06/Pollock1.jpg from 1807 to 1845.)] In 2006 the {{w|IAU}} reclassified Pluto as a {{w|dwarf planet}}, which was met with extreme controversy. The reasons are {{w|IAU_definition_of_planet|complicated}}, but the basic issue is that there are hundreds of other objects incredidbly similar to Pluto floating with Pluto in the Kuiper Belt. Also, like {{w|1 Ceres|Ceres}}, {{w|2 Pallas|Pallas}}, {{w|3 Juno|Juno}}, and {{w|4 Vesta|Vesta}}, Pluto is too small to {{w|clearing the neighbourhood|function as a planet}} in the solar system. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z_2gbGXzFbs Here is a good explanation.]

In the title text, the airplane/treadmill argument starts when someone asks whether an airplane can take off while it is on a treadmill that is opposing its progress (pulling it backward). The question usually leads to arguments because it is posed ambiguously. Properly defining the question shows that the airplane can indeed take off (because its forward motion is provided by its propeller/jet engine, not its wheels, which are free to spin at any speed) and experiments (such as Mythbusters') bear this out.

http://blog.xkcd.com/2008/09/09/the-@#$%&!-airplane-on-the-@#$%&!-treadmill/

http://www.airplaneonatreadmill.com/

The statement about being wrong is likely a reference to [[386: Duty Calls]]

==Transcript==
:[Cueball laying on sidewalk outside a house, surrounded by his belongings.]
:She threw me out yelling, "You don't say those words. Not in ''this'' house."
:It's been two years. I thought the wounds had healed.
:But I stand by what I said.
:Pluto never should have been a planet.

{{comic discussion}}
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]

345: 1337: Part 5

2015-09-21T03:37:55Z

Oiyarbepsy: /* Explanation */ Silk Road

{{comic
| number = 345
| date = November 16, 2007
| title = 1337: Part 5
| image = 1337_part_5.png
| titletext = This digital music thing will probably reach its endgame sometime in the next decade or so. These are very exciting times.
}}

==Explanation==

{{w|Richard Stallman}} is the ardent defender of freedom and believer in {{w|copyleft}}, he also founded the {{w|GNU Project}}. (He is not really a swordfighter.{{Citation needed}})

{{w|Cory Doctorow}} is a blogger, journalist, and science fiction author who serves as co-editor of the weblog {{w|Boing Boing}}. He is an activist in favour of liberalising copyright laws and a proponent of the {{w|Creative Commons}} organization. He does not really travel around in a balloon or (usually) wear a red cape, but Randall introduced this idea in [[239: Blagofaire]] and has continued it in later [[:Category:Comics_featuring_Cory_Doctorow|comics featuring Cory Doctorow]].

{{w|Blogosphere}} is a name used to refer to all blogs on the Internet, many of which frequently link to and refer to other blogs. Here, the Stallman character talks about it as though it were a portion of the atmosphere.

Blogs often label posts with keywords, known as tags. A {{w|Tag cloud}} is a way of displaying the tags on a site where the more common tags appear in larger type than less-common ones. It has no relationship to actual water vapor clouds in the sky, but in the comic, the Doctorow character suggests that tag clouds are actually in the air, below the new blogosphere.

The {{w|Dread Pirate Roberts}} is a fictional character from the book and movie {{w|The Princess Bride}}. Roberts is the most feared pirate on the seas. But, "Dread Pirate Roberts" is merely a title that has been passed down as previous "Roberts" have gained enough money (from piracy) to retire comfortably. Westley, one of the main characters from The Princess Bride, becomes the Dread Pirate after being taken prisoner by the preceding Pirate Roberts. It is anyone's guess whether the entire 5-comic story, starting from the choice of Mrs. Roberts' name, began as just a lead-up to this one joke. At the end of the movie, Inigo Montoya has won the vengeance he has sought all his life, and expresses to Westley that he doesn't know what to do next. Westley suggests Montoya succeed him as Roberts, saying, "Have you ever considered piracy? You'd make a wonderful Dread Pirate Roberts." Cory Doctorow's line in the comic therefore mimics that line from the movie.

{{w|Silk Road (marketplace)|Silk Road}} was an online black market designed to allow criminals to trade in drugs, guns and other illegal items, run by a person also using the pseudonym Dread Pirate Roberts. However, this black market did not exist until four years after this comic was published.

{{w|Bram Cohen}} is the founder of {{w|BitTorrent}}, a distributed method of downloading files. People can and do use BitTorrent both for lawful file downloads and also for sharing media files unlawfully. Its distributed nature, where someone does not download a file from just one other computer but rather in many pieces from many other computers with the same file, makes it more difficult for record and movie industry groups to police, and therefore a person with Elaine's motivations might be interested in helping design such a system.

{{w|Ubuntu}} is probably the most well known distribution of {{w|GNU}}/{{w|Linux}}. A {{w|GNU}}/{{w|Linux}} distribution (often referred to simply as "Linux") is any operating system that is based on {{w|GNU}} software and the Linux {{w|kernel}}.

The phrase "Happy Hacking" often accompanies an autograph from Richard Stallman.

All comics in "[[:Category:1337|1337]]" series:
*[[341: 1337: Part 1]]
*[[342: 1337: Part 2]]
*[[343: 1337: Part 3]]
*[[344: 1337: Part 4]]
*345: 1337: Part 5 (this one)

This series was released on 5 consecutive days (Monday-Friday) and not over the usual Monday/Wednesday/Friday schedule.

==Transcript==
:[Two RIAA agents attack Elaine and Stallman. Elaine breaks the leg of RIAA #1, while Stallman disarms RIAA #2 in a flying maneuver.]
:Elaine: Thanks, Stallman!
:Stallman: 'Tis my pleasure.

:Elaine: So, wait - how did you know we were in trouble?
:Stallman: My friend here was tracking these thugs from his balloon. He called me and I thought I'd stop by
:[Doctorow slides down a rope in red cape & goggles.]
:Doctorow: -Hi! Cory Doctorow - It's a pleasure to meet you.

:Elaine: Balloon?
:Stallman: Aye. They're up there constructing something called a "Blogosphere."
:Doctorow: Yup! It's twenty kilometers up, just above the tag clouds.

:Bobby: Mom, I'm hungry.
:Mrs. Roberts: Hush! I'm coding. You ate yesterday.
:Stallman: You know, Roberts, GNU could use a good coder like you. Ever thought of joining us?
:Elaine: Maybe someday. Right now I've got an industry to take down. Music doesn't need these assholes.
:Doctorow: Begone! And never darken our comment threads again!

:Stallman: Well, you won't fix the industry with random exploits. You need to encourage sharing in the public mind.
:Doctorow: Hey; With your music and coding backgrounds, you should get into building better p2p systems.

:Elaine: What? Straight-up piracy?
:Doctorow: Sure- have you ever considered it? You'd make a wonderful dread pirate, Roberts

:Epilogue
:Elaine shared her ideas with Bram Cohen, who went on to develop BitTorrent.
:Mrs. Roberts spends her time developing for Ubuntu, and defacing the websites of people who make "your mom" jokes to her daughter. Elaine still stalks the net. She joins communities, contributes code or comments, and moves on. And if, late at night, you point a streaming audio player at the right IP at the right time - you can hear her rock out.
:~Happy Hacking.~

{{comic discussion}}
[[Category:Comics featuring Elaine Roberts]]
[[Category:Comics featuring Richard Stallman]]
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]
[[Category:Comics featuring Cory Doctorow]]
[[Category:Comics featuring Mrs. Roberts]]
[[Category:Comics featuring Little Bobby Tables]]
[[Category:Comics featuring real people]]
[[Category:Comics with color]]
[[Category:Your Mom]]
[[Category:1337|05]]

336: Priorities

2015-09-21T03:16:11Z

Oiyarbepsy: /* Explanation */ Correct inaccuracies about E

{{comic
| number = 336
| date = October 31, 2007
| title = Priorities
| image = priorities.png
| titletext = You should start giving out 'E's so I can spell FACADE or DEFACED.
}}

==Explanation==
In schools in the United States, a student's grades are determined mainly using letters for quick reference.{{Citation needed}} In this case:

::A — 100%–90%
::B — 89%–80%
::C — 79%–70%
::D — 69%–60%
::F — 59%–0%

Traditionally, these schools send 'report cards' in which the student's current grading of the semester or even the entirety of the class the student is taking is denoted using these letters, for example:

::English — A
::Mathematics — A
::Science — A
::Social Studies — A
::World Building — A

The student may have noted that, if he aims for certain scoring (for example: altering the quality of his homework or even sending out his homework only at the times needed for his grades to reach a certain level), he could make the report card spell every letter grade in alphabetical order. Deriving from the previous example, the student would aim for the following report card:

::English — A
::Mathematics — B
::Science — C
::Social Studies — D
::World Building — F

Interestingly, since even a 0% grade would mark the required 'F' grade, the student does not need to work at all (not even send out a school assignment) to get the required 'F' grade, this leading to the situation presented in the comic above.

The title text references that, not only can the grades in the report card inadvertently spell out certain words (for example: 'CAB' or 'FAD'), but also that the letter grade system denoted omits the letter 'E' in standard letter grading. The reason for the missing "E" is complex and explained at [http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2010/08/e_is_for_fail.html this Slate article]

==Transcript==
:[A teacher is talking to a student, sitting at a desk.]
:Teacher: If you don't turn in at least one homework assignment, you'll fail this class.
:[The student holds up his report card.]
:Student: Yeah. But if I can fail this class, the grades on my report card will be in alphabetical order!

{{comic discussion}}
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]
[[Category:Multiple Cueballs]]
[[Category:Language]]

332: Gyroscopes

2015-09-21T03:05:05Z

Oiyarbepsy: /* Explanation */ wrong word

{{comic
| number = 332
| date = October 22, 2007
| title = Gyroscopes
| image = gyroscopes.png
| titletext = We didn't actually land on the moon -- it just looked like we did because of precession. Also, gyroscopes caused 9/11.
}}

==Explanation==
[[Cueball]] is playing with a {{w|gyroscope}}, which is fun to him. Even though he has studied them and intellectually understands their behaviour, they still seem somewhat mysterious. At the end, the gyroscope is revealed to have the power of levitation and to apparently be a sentient lifeform - it talks to him - somewhat validating his lifelong suspicions.

In the title text, [[Randall]] is mocking the {{w|Moon landing conspiracy theories}} and refers to the {{w|Lunar precession}} in process. Gyroscopes and the lunar orbit both exhibit precession, a physical concept that non-scientists can find hard to grasp. Thus, it is a perfect subject for a lunar conspiracy theory. He goes on to claim that gyroscopes (which form part of the navigation system of every commercial airplane) were directly responsible for the 9/11 terrorist attacks.

==Transcript==
:[Cueball at desk with Gyroscope.]
:Despite years of studying physics, I still find gyroscopes a little freaky.
:[Cueball starts gyroscope with a zzzzip.]
:[Gyroscope spins with a zzzzzz.]
:[Gyroscope lifts into the air.]
:Gyroscope: Greetings, Human.

{{comic discussion}}
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]
[[Category:Physics]]

168: Reverse Euphemisms

2015-09-13T04:45:27Z

Oiyarbepsy: /* Explanation */

{{comic
| number = 168
| date = October 9, 2006
| title = Reverse Euphemisms
| image = reverse euphemisms.png
| titletext = I'm still waiting for a chance to use 'I have to see a man about a horse'.
}}

==Explanation==
{{w|Euphemisms}} are figures of speech used in place of more offensive terms. In this comic, [[Cueball]] uses swear words in the place of benign terms, inverting the typical usage of euphemisms. To "drop the kids off at the pool" is a euphemism meaning to "go take a shit." In this case, however, Cueball actually has to drop kids off at the pool but instead uses "go take a shit." Cueball is using the euphemism in reverse, hence the title. A reverse euphemism is actually called a dysphemism in linguistics, although this comic is actually a terrible example of this.

In the title text, the figure is waiting for a situation in which he has to see a man concerning a horse, as this relates to another euphemism meaning to urinate. It can be assumed that, when telling someone about seeing the man about the horse, he would say "...then I had to go take a piss."

What this comic describes is not really a reverse euphemism or dysphemism. Euphemisms are used to make a statement less offensive or disturbing without actually changing the underlying meaning, such as by using "pass away" instead of "die." A better example of a dysphemism would by "I have to drop off my dumbshit kids at the fucking pool".

==Transcript==
:My Hobby: Reverse Euphemisms
:[Two people talking.]
:Cueball: Oh, hey, school just let out and it's YMCA night, so I've gotta go take a shit.
:Friend: What?
:Cueball: I mean I actually have to drop the kids off at the pool.

{{comic discussion}}
[[Category:Language]]
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]
[[Category:My Hobby]]

1509: Scenery Cheat Sheet

2015-09-06T16:37:26Z

Oiyarbepsy: /* Table */ randall messed up on Washington and Oregon

{{comic
| number = 1509
| date = April 8, 2015
| title = Scenery Cheat Sheet
| image = scenery cheat sheet.png
| titletext = At the boundary between each zone, stories blend together. Somewhere in the New Mexico desert, the Roadrunner is pursued by a tireless Anton Chigurh.
}}

==Explanation==
In this comic [[Randall]] jokes that large areas of the continental (mainland) United States can be characterized by the locations of a single movie. Especially in the Midwest, there are several very large areas that he describes with just one film. The map is the most detailed in the {{w|Northeastern United States|northeast}}, which is where Randall lives.

The map is divided into the 48 states of the mainland by thin gray lines. On top of these are drawn black lines that divide the map into 50 sections. (A 51st section is located in the Atlantic Ocean.) Inside each section is at least one reference that is supposed to describe the entire area encompassed by the section. In most cases it is the title of a movie (or two to three titles), but it could also be more general specter of movies (all movies with a big budget, or those with whose title is an east coast city name) or it could even be a book/song that describes the relevant area.

The map's heading describes the idea behind it; if you know this and the relevant movies, you can use it to determine where you are by comparing your knowledge of the movies with the scenery you can see from where you stand. Below the heading, the two groups of people who will get the most use out of this sheet are listed. The first is "GeoGuessrs". {{w|GeoGuessr}} is a game using {{w|Google Street View}} images, which drops the player in a random location and challenges them to work out where they are. (It was previously referenced in [[1214: Geoguessr]]). The second group is "crash-landed astronauts". Obviously, if you've just crash-landed on Earth, knowing your location would be very helpful.

Some entries (for instance, ''{{w|Groundhog Day (film)|Groundhog Day}}'') reflect the locations where the stories are set, and others (like ''{{w|Dances with Wolves}}'') reflect where they were filmed. Others are even more detached, as it is the sceneries from the movie that resembles a given place, even though it is neither filmed there or takes place there. It could also be a cartoon, which is of course only set in an imaginary world that may resemble the real world.

The title text references {{w|Anton Chigurh}} (portrayed by {{w|Javier Bardem}}), who is the main antagonist of the film ''{{w|No Country For Old Men}}.'' In this case he would have taken over the role of {{w|Wile E. Coyote}}, and would thus hunt down {{w|Wile E. Coyote and The Road Runner|The Road Runner}} at the boundary between the sections for these two movies, which would be somewhere in the {{w|New Mexico}} desert.

==Table==
*In this table all the movies (and others) from the map are mentioned.
**They are listed from top to bottom and (when possible) by going through the columns that seems to appear in the sections when going from left to right.
**The setting for the movie vs. the actual filming locations will be given to be compared to the section of the map where the titles are written.
**Explanations will be given in the Notes section.
**The {{w|List_of_U.S._state_abbreviations#Postal_codes|State Postal Codes}} will often be used here below when referring to a given state.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Movie Title
! Setting for Movie
! Actual Filming Location(s)
! Section on map
! Notes
|-
| {{w|The Goonies}}
| {{w|Astoria, Oregon|Astoria}}, OR
| {{w|Cannon Beach}}, and Astoria, OR
| {{w|Oregon}}'s northern coast
|
|-
| {{w|Twilight (2008 film)| Twilight}}
| {{w|Forks, Washington|Forks}}, WA
| {{w|Portland, Oregon|Portland}}, OR
| rowspan="2" | {{w|Washington (state)|Washington}}, {{w|Oregon}} and most northern part of {{w|California}} except for the part taken up by The Goonies.
| Same sections as 50 Shades of Grey (see below)
|-
| {{w|Fifty Shades of Grey (film)|50 Shades of Grey}}
| {{w|Seattle}}, WA
| {{w|Vancouver}}, BC
| Same sections as Twilight which is clear from this fact: The {{w|Fifty shades of Grey}} erotic romance novel was {{w|Fifty_Shades_of_Grey#Background|originally}} a {{w|fan fiction}} version of the {{w|Twilight (series)|Twilight}} novels, but when received well it eventually developed into three full novels, but set in the same locations as Twilight. The eastern halves of Washington and Oregon look nothing like the western halves of those states, as much of these regions are near-desert with no trees. None of the scenery in Twilight or Shades of Gray will have any resemblance to Eastern Washington or Oregon.
|-
| {{w|Zodiac (film)|Zodiac}}
| {{w|San Francisco Bay Area}}
| San Francisco Bay Area and {{w|Los Angeles}}
| San Francisco Bay Area, CA
| According to {{w|Zodiac_(film)#Production|Wikipedia}}, "The San Francisco Chronicle was built in the old post office in the Terminal Annex Building in downtown Los Angeles. A building on nearby Spring Street subbed for the Hall of Justice and the San Francisco Police Department. Production began on September 12, 2005. The filmmakers shot for five weeks in the San Francisco Bay Area and the rest of the time in Los Angeles, bringing the film in under budget, wrapping in February 2006. The film took 115 days to shoot."
|-
| {{w|The Rock (film)|The Rock}}
| {{w|Alcatraz Island}}
| Alcatraz Island
| Alcatraz Island, CA
|
|-
| {{w|Dances with Wolves}}
| {{w|Sedgwick,_Colorado#History|Fort Sedgwick}}, CO
| {{w|South Dakota}} and {{w|Wyoming}}
| rowspan= "2" | {{w|Montana}}, {{w|South Dakota}}, Wyoming, and {{w|Nebraska}}
|
|-
| {{w|Starship Troopers (film)|Starship Troopers}}
| Planet Klendathu and Earth
| {{w|Hell's Half Acre (Wyoming)|Hell's Half Acre}}, WY
|
|-
| {{w|Napoleon Dynamite}}
| {{w|Preston, Idaho|Preston}}, Idaho
| Preston, Idaho
| {{w|Idaho}} (not including Preston)
|
|-
| {{w|The Sandlot}}
| Suburban {{w|Los Angeles}}
| {{w|Salt Lake City, Utah}}
| {{w|Idaho}}, {{w|Utah}}
|
|-
| {{w|Wild Wild West}}
| The southwest area
| {{w|Tucson, Arizona}}; {{w|Santa Fe, New Mexico}}; {{w|Pierce, Idaho}}
| {{w|Nevada}}
| Set near {{w|Promontory Point}}, UT
|-
| {{w|Top Gun}}
| {{w|NAS Miramar}}, San Diego, CA
| {{w|Nevada}}, NAS Miramar, San Diego, CA
| rowspan="2" | Nevada
|
|-
| {{w|Independence Day (1996 film)|Part of Independence Day}}
| Grand Canyon & Area 51
| Utah / Nevada
|
|-
| {{w|Sideways|That movie about wine & talking}}
| {{w|Santa Ynez Valley}}
| {{w|Santa Ynez Valley}}
| {{w|Central_Valley_(California)|California Central Valley}}
| He clearly means ''Sideways''. Mapped area does not include the Santa Ynez Valley wine country, but instead shows the {{w|Central_Valley_(California)|California Central Valley}}.
|-
| {{w|List of most expensive films|Every movie with a big budget...}}
|
| Hollywood, CA
| {{w|Southern_California|SoCal}}
|
|-
| {{w|Brokeback Mountain}}
| Wyoming
| Southern Alberta
| Wyoming
|
|-
| {{w|Oregon Trail (video_game)|Oregon Trail}}
| {{w|Platte River|Platte}}, {{w|Snake River|Snake}}, and {{w|Columbia River|Columbia}} river valleys
| Video Game, not a film
| Nebraska, Colorado, Utah
| Could also refer to the film ''{{w|The Oregon Trail (1936 film)|The Oregon Trail}}''.
|-
| {{w|Wile E. Coyote and The Road Runner|Roadrunner cartoons}}
| {{w|Southern Arizona}}
| Animated, not filmed
| Four Corners - UT, AZ, NM, CO
|
|-
| {{w|The Truman Show}} but with desert in the background
| "Seahaven" (fictional place in the Los Angeles, CA area)
| Seaside, Florida, and Los Angeles, California
| Las Vegas NV, California, Arizona
| If it were filmed in Las Vegas...
|-
| {{w|Tombstone (film)|Tombstone}}
| {{w|Tombstone, Arizona|Tombstone, AZ}}
| Arizona
| rowspan="2" | Southern Arizona
|
|-
| {{w|The Mask of Zorro}}
| California
| Mexico
|
|-
| {{w|No Country for Old Men (film)|No Country for Old Men}}
| (West) Texas
| Texas, New Mexico
| Southern Arizona, Southern New Mexico, Southwest Texas
|
|-
| {{w|Fargo (film)|Fargo}}
| Fargo ND, Brainerd MN, Minneapolis MN
| Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN area, Hallock MN, Bathgate, ND
| Minnesota, Both Dakotas, Montana
|
|-
| {{w|Interstellar (film)|Interstellar}} (Earth parts)
| {{w|Northeast_megalopolis|BosWash}} (converted to farmland), probably near former NYC
| Alberta
| rowspan="3" | Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota
| "Earth Parts"
|-
| {{w|Star Trek (film)|Star Trek (2009)}} (Earth parts)
| Iowa
| Iowa
| "Earth Parts"
|-
| {{w|Field of Dreams}}
| Primarily IA; also, Boston, MA, and Chisholm, Minnesota
| Dyersville, IA
|
|-
| {{w|The Music Man (1962 film)|The Music Man}}
| River City, IA
| Warner Bros Studio, Burbank, CA
| Iowa, Missouri, Not-Chicago Illinois
|
|-
| {{w|The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz}}
| Kansas, Oz
| Culver City, California
| Kansas, Colorado
| The Judy Garland version, presumably. The earth parts.
|-
| {{w|Twister (1996 film)|Twister}}
| Oklahoma
|
| Oklahoma, Missouri, Arkansas
|
|-
| {{w|True Grit (1969 film)|True Grit}}
| Arkansas
| New Mexico
| Northern Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas
| Obviously the {{w|True Grit (2010 film)|2010 version}}
|-
| {{w|Office Space}}
|
| Austin, TX
| rowspan="3" | Texas Triangle plus Southern Texas
|
|-
| {{w|Dazed and Confused (film)|Dazed and Confused}}
| Austin, TX
|
|
|-
| {{w|Kill Bill}}
| El Paso, TX
|
|-
| {{w|The Blues Brothers (film)|Blues Brothers}}
| Chicago
| Chicago and Milwaukee
| Chicago, Rockford, Kenosha, and some extra parts of Illinois
|
|-
| {{w|8 Mile (film)|8 Mile}}
| Wayne County, Michigan
|
|
|
|-
| {{w|A Christmas Story}}
| Hammond, IN
| Cleveland, OH
| rowspan="2" | Wisconsin, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio
|
|-
| {{w|Jack & Diane|That song about Jack and Diane}}
|
| Lake Monroe, IN
| "In the Heartland"
|-
| Anything by {{w|Mark Twain}}
| Hannibal, MO
|
| Cairo, IL, Mississippi River parts of Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi
| The mapped area doesn't quite include Twain's home town of Hannibal, MO.
|-
| {{w|Walk the Line}}
| Tennessee
|
| Tennessee and Kentucky
|
|-
| {{w|Big Fish}}
|
| Wetumpka and Montgomery, AL
| rowspan="2" | Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia
|
|-
| {{w|O Brother Where Art Thou}}
| Parchman Farm, MS
| Canton, MS; Florence, SC
|
|-
| {{w|Duck Dynasty}}
| {{w|West Monroe, Louisiana|West Monroe, LA}}
|
| Northern Louisiana and Mississippi
|
|-
| {{w|Princess and the Frog}}
| New Orleans
|Animated, not filmed
| rowspan="2" | Southern Louisiana
|
|-
| {{w|All Dogs go to Heaven}}
| New Orleans
|Animated, not filmed
|
|-
| {{w|Beasts of the Southern Wild}}
| Louisiana
| Montegut, LA
| Mississippi River Delta
|
|-
| {{w|Groundhog Day (film)|Groundhog Day}}
| {{w|Punxsutawney,_Pennsylvania|Punxsutawney, PA}}, {{w|Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh}}
| Woodstock, IL
| Western Pennsylvania, Western New York
|
|-
| {{w|Dirty Dancing}}
| {{w|Catskill Mountains}}
| {{w|Mountain_Lake_(Virginia)|Mountain Lake, VA}} and {{w|Lake_Lure,_North_Carolina|Lake Lure, NC}}
| Virginia/West Virginia border
|
|-
| {{w|October Sky}}
| Coalwood, WV
| East Tennessee
| Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia
|
|-
| {{w|Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind}}
| Tara, near {{w|Jonesboro, Georgia|Jonesboro, GA}}
|
| rowspan="2" | Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia
|
|-
| {{w|Forrest Gump}}
| Alabama
| Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina
|
|-
| {{w|The Truman Show}}
| Los Angeles area
| {{w|Seaside, Florida|Seaside, FL}}
| Florida without Miami or the Everglades
|
|-
| {{w|Adaptation (film)|Adaptation}}
| Everglades, FL and surrounding areas
|
| Everglades, FL
| Very loosely based on the book "The Orchid Thief" by Susan Orlean, which chronicles the lifestyle of orchid thief and dealer John Laroche. The movie is about a screenwriter who struggles to adapt the book into a movie, turning himself into a main character in his own story.
|-
| {{w|Miami Vice}}
| Miami
| Television show: Many episodes in the South Beach section of Miami Beach, FL, also Broward and Palm Beach counties, FL; Film: Caribbean, Uruguay, Paraguay and South Florida
| Miami metro area
| Or the {{w|Miami Vice (film)|film}}
|-
| {{w|Super Troopers}}
| Vermont, NY ("Somewhere near the border")
| Various locations in New York State, including the City of Beacon, Westchester County, Rockefeller State Park Preserve, Fishkill, Newburgh, and Wappingers Falls
| Vermont, NY ("Somewhere near the border")
|
|-
| {{w|My Side of the Mountain|My Side of the Mountain (book)}}
| Adirondack Mountains, NY
| Catskill mountains, near Delhi, NY
| Northern New York
| The area shown on the map includes the Adirondacks, as well as the Tug Hill Plateau and the Finger Lakes. The Catskills appear to be excluded.
|-
| {{w|War of the Worlds (2005 film)|War of the Worlds (2005)}}
| Massachusetts
| California, Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, and Virginia
| Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, Rhode Island
| Also referenced in [[556: Alternative Energy Revolution]]
|-
| {{w|Signs (film)|Signs}}
| {{w|Doylestown, Pennsylvania|Doylestown, PA}}
|
| rowspan="2" | Eastern Pennsylvania
|
|-
| {{w|The Village (2004 film)|The Village}}
| Covington, PA
| {{w|Chadds Ford Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania|Chadds Ford, PA}}
|
|-
| [Generic City]
| Washington DC, Baltimore, New York City, Philadelphia
| N/A
| Washington DC, Baltimore, New York City, Philadelphia
| Washington DC has a reputation for requiring extensive fees and permits to film within the city. As a result, most movies set in DC are filmed somewhere else entirely. Thus, DC movie backgrounds would only give a viewer an idea of what a generic city would look like.
|-
| {{w|Deep Impact (film)|Deep Impact}}
| Atlantic Coast
|
| North Carolina, Virginia, Delaware
| The Mega-tsunami
|-
| {{w|Pet Sematary}}
| Ludlow, Maine
| Hancock, Maine
| Maine
| Misspelled SemEtary in the comic.
|-
| {{w|What About Bob?|What about Bob}}
| Lake Winnipesaukee, NH
| Smith Mountain Lake, VA
| New Hampshire
|
|-
| {{w|The Departed}}
| Boston, MA
| Boston & New York
| Boston
|
|-
| {{w|Jaws (film)|Jaws}}
| Amity Island (stand-in for Martha's Vineyard)
| Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts (scenes on land or on the surface of the water), waters off Australia (footage of real sharks), California (underwater scenes)
| Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, Long Island, Rhode Island
|
|-
| {{w|The Hunt for Red October (film)|The Hunt for Red October}}
| Climaxes somewhere off the eastern seaboard of North America ({{w|Grand Banks}} of Newfoundland are mentioned)
| Much of the sea filming was actually in the Pacific, near Los Angeles
| A large swathe of Atlantic Ocean off the east coast of the US
| Starts in Barents Sea. Enters Atlantic via Iceland, but underwater. Underwater scenes were filmed in "smoke tanks". There are also sequences in a river (Penobscot, ME)
|}

==Transcript==
:[Above the frame is the following text.]
:'''A cheat sheet for'''
:figuring out where in the US you are
:by recognizing the background from movies
:(for use by GeoGuessr players and crash-landed astronauts)

:[In the frame is a map of the mainland USA with the 48 mainland states lined out in thin gray lines. All areas on the map have been enclosed in sections divided by curved black lines. These sections sizes goes from encompassing several states down to just a small section of a single state. The sections cover the entire USA without any holes. There is also one section in the Atlantic Ocean. All sections are labeled. If the section is large enough the text stands inside, if it is too small, the text is outside and an arrow will point to the relevant section

:[Here below all the text on the map (mainly film titles) will be transcribed from top to bottom and (when possible) by going through the columns that seems to appear in the sections when going from left to right. The {{w|State Postal Codes}} will be used when referring to the states covered by each section]

:[Small section covering the west coast around the state border between WA and OR, which is surrounded on three sides by the next section mentioned below. It is labeled with an arrow:]
:The Goonies
:[Large section covering WA, OR and top of CA. The section has two titles, with the second one standing with smaller font below the first:]
:Twilight
:50 Shades of Grey
:[Small section around San Francisco, CA:]
:Zodiac
:[Very tiny section covering only Alcatraz off the coast of San Francisco, CA. It lies inside section mentioned above. It is labeled with an arrow:]
:The Rock
:[Large section covering most of MT as well as part of WY, SD and NE. The section has two titles:]
:Dances with Wolves
:Starship Troopers
:[Medium section covering most of ID and part of MT:]
:Napoleon Dynamite
:[Medium section covering part of OR, ID, NV and UT:]
:The Sandlot
:[Medium section mainly covering the top part of NV:]
:Wild Wild West
:[Medium section covering most of NV and small part of CA. The section has two titles, with the second one standing with smaller font below the first plus description:]
:Top Gun
:& the part of Independence Day where Will Smith crashes
:[Small section covering central CA:]
:That movie about wine & talking
:[Medium section covering a large part of the southern part of CA around Hollywood, Los Angeles:]
:Every movie with a big budget, explosions or someone who says "cool!"
:[Medium section covering half of WY and small parts of UT and CO:]
:Brokeback Mountain
:[Medium section covering part of WY, CO and NE. The part in parenthesis in a smaller font:]
:Oregon Trail
:(the only part I ever got to)
:[Large section covering small part of UT and the half bottom of UT and CO and top half of AZ and NM:]
:Roadrunner cartoons
:[Medium section covering a small part of the southern CA and small part of AZ. The part beneath the title in a smaller font:]
:The Truman Show,
:but with desert as the background
:[Small part at the bottom of AZ. The section has two titles:]
:Tombstone
:& The Mask of Zorro
:[Large section covering the a small part of AZ, the bottom half of NM as well as a third of TX:]
:No Country for Old Men
:[Large section covering all of ND, most of MN, half of SD and a small part of MT:]
:Fargo
:[Medium section covering most of NE and small parts of MN and IA. The section has three titles. The top two are marked with a square bracket to the left. The text of this given before the third title:]
:Interstellar
:Star Trek (2009)
:] Earth parts
:Field of Dreams
:[Medium section covering large parts of IA, MO and IL:]
:The Music Man
:[Medium section covering mainly KS, but also a small part of Co and OK:]
:The Wizard of Oz
:[Medium section covering most of OK and small part of MO and AR:]
:Twister
:[Medium section covering the top part of TX and small parts of OK and AR:]
:True Grit
:[Large section covering a third of TX (the eastern part all the way down) and small parts of AR and LA. The section has three titles:]
:Office Space
:Dazed and Confused
:Kill Bill
:[Small section around and below Chicago, IL, which is surrounded on three sides by the next large section mentioned below. It is labeled with an arrow:]
:Blues Brothers
:[Very small section almost a circle centered around Detroit, MI completely inside the section here below. It is labeled with an arrow:]
:8 Mile
:[Large section covering all of WI, MI, IN and OH as well as parts of IL and KY. That is except for the two small sections described above, which are inlaid in this one. There are two items in this section. The one below is in smaller font:]
:A Christmas Story
:&That song about Jack and Diane
:[Medium section covering half of AR, small parts of IL and MO as well as bits of KY, TN and MS:]
:Anything by Mark Twain
:[Medium section covering half of TN and part of KY:]
:Walk the Line
:[Large section covering all of AL most of MS and half of GA. There are two titles in this section:]
:Big Fish
:O Brother Where Art Thou
:[Small section covering top of LA and small part of MS:]
:Duck Dynasty
:[Medium section covering the bottom half of LA and the very bottom of MS. There is a very small section at the bottom of LA that are not included in this but in the next. There are two titles in this section:]
:Princess and the Frog
:All Dogs go to Heaven
:[Small section covering the very eastern end of the bottom of LA – maybe including New Orleans. It is labeled with an arrow:]
:Beasts of the Southern Wild
:[Medium section covering half of PA and western part NY:]
:Groundhog Day
:[Small section covering the middle part of VA as well as small parts of PA, MD and WV:]
:Dirty Dancing
:[Medium section covering most of WV, half of TN, a small parts of KY as well as tiny bits of VA, NC and GA:]
:October Sky
:[Large section covering all of SC, most of NC as well as half of VA and GA. There are two titles in this section:]
:Gone with the Wind
:Forrest Gump
:[Large section covering most of FL except the bottom part which are covered by the next two sections:]
:The Truman Show
:[Small section covering the very bottom of FL except the east coast. It is labeled with an arrow:]
:Adaptation
:[Small section covering the very bottom the east coast of FL. It is labeled with an arrow:]
:Miami Vice
:[Small section covering most of the top of VT and a small part of NY. It is labeled with an arrow:]
:Super Troopers
:[Small section covering the central part of NY.]
:My Side of the Mountain (book)
:[Small section covering the eastern part of NY, western part of MA, top part of CT as well as bits of VT and RI.:]
:War of the Worlds (2005)
:[Small section covering the eastern part of PA and small bits of NY and MD. There are two titles in this section:]
:Signs
:& The Village
:[Medium section covering several large cities of the east coast including New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, DC. It covers most of DE and NJ and large parts of MD (with DC) and the bit of NY with the city. The text is not a title and the it is written in square brackets…:]
:[Generic city]
:[Small section covering the east coast along VA and NC, but also with small bits of MD and DE at the top:]
:Deep Impact
:[Medium section covering all of ME, the top tip of NH and eastern top of VT:]
:Pet Semetary
:[Small section covering the most of the bottom parts of NH and VT:]
:What about Bob
:[Very small section surrounding Boston in MA. It is labeled with an arrow:]
:The Departed
:[Small section covering the east coast along MA, RI, CT and NJ:]
:Jaws
:[Large section off the east coast in the Atlantic Ocean:]
:The Hunt for Red October

==Trivia==
Not everything {{w|Mark Twain}} wrote was really set on the {{w|Mississippi River}}. For instance, he first gained attention as a fiction writer with "{{w|The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County}}," which is about {{w|Northern California}}. Indeed, during his lifetime, Twain was known mostly as a travel writer, not a novelist.

Kill Bill doesn't take place in southern or eastern Texas. The wedding chapel scene takes place in {{w|El Paso}}, around the same area No Country for Old Men takes place.

==See also==
*[https://geoguessr.com/ GeoGuessr's official website]
{{comic discussion}}
[[Category:Maps]]

1508: Operating Systems

2015-09-06T16:34:44Z

Oiyarbepsy: /* Explanation */ OSX is not still buggy

{{comic
| number = 1508
| date = April 6, 2015
| title = Operating Systems
| image = operating systems.png
| titletext = One of the survivors, poking around in the ruins with the point of a spear, uncovers a singed photo of Richard Stallman. They stare in silence. "This," one of them finally says, "This is a man who BELIEVED in something."
}}

==Explanation==
In this comic, [[Randall]] gives an {{w|Gantt chart|overview}} of past, present and (speculatively) future of the {{w|operating system}}s running in his house at any given time. Notably, because Randall is fascinated by technology, he has had more than one OS running in his household since the mid '90's. The timeline tracks how Operating Systems have come and gone over the years, and the gradual shift from desktop Operating Systems to mobile can be observed. Beyond the present day, we see some of Randall's humorous predictions as to which technologies and companies will dominate the Operating System landscape in the future.

It may be that the OS that is closest to the time-line is also the one he mainly uses during these extended periods.

Previous and current systems:
*{{w|MS-DOS}} (Microsoft Disk Operating System): The default, command-line-based OS on most IBM PC-compatible computers. Early versions of Windows operated as shells on top of MS-DOS rather than stand-alone OSes in their own right, which may explain part of the overlap in those two bars.
*Apple's {{w|Mac OS}} (Macintosh Operating System): The OS of Apple's Macintosh line of computers. Randall's bar indicates that he stopped using Macs in 2001, after Mac OS had been superseded by the new and then-buggy {{w|Mac OS X}}.
*{{w|Linux}}: An open-source (typically free) Unix-like OS. Randall's bar indicates that he likely used it on one or two PCs starting from 1999 while still using Windows on other PCs, or perhaps was dual-booting one or more PCs with Windows, until abandoning Windows in 2007 to use Linux full-time. This timing coincides with the release of Microsoft's controversial {{w|Windows Vista}} and the advent of more user-friendly Linux distributions.
*{{w|OS X}} (Macintosh Operating System v10): The successor OS of Apple's Macintosh line of computers. Although it was sometimes marketed as merely the 10th version of the earlier Mac OS, it was largely a new product. The bar indicates Randall's renewed use of Macintosh computers in 2009 after the OS had matured and Macs had transitioned to Intel processors.
*{{w|Android_(operating_system)|Android}}: The upper layers of the OS running on Android phones and tablets, above the Linux {{w|Kernel_(operating_system)|kernel}}. Randall is indicating that he has at least one of these devices.
*Apple's {{w|iOS}}: The OS of {{w|iPhone}}, {{w|iPad}}, {{w|iPad mini}}, {{w|iPad Air}}, {{w|iPod Touch}} and {{w|Apple TV}}. Randall is indicating that he also has at least one of these devices.

His predictions for the future include:
*2018: That {{w|OS X}} and {{w|iOS}} will merge. There is frequent speculation on technology blogs as to whether or not this merging will come to pass in the future. The two OSes have a common origin, share a lot of software, and are maintained by the same company that would benefit from the efficiency of maintaining a single unified OS. Opposing this is the fact that interaction patterns are very different between traditional computers and tablets/phones and a one-size-fits-both solution may not be feasible, and the fact that Apple spends some time in each of its recent keynotes mocking computers like the Microsoft Surface Pro which use both standard computer and touch control.
*2019: That an operating system designed with and for {{w|Javascript}} will become attractive, perhaps along the lines of [http://node-os.com/ NodeOS] and/or [http://github.com/runtimejs/runtime#readme Runtime.js].
*2022: That there'll be an OS based on the {{w|Tinder_(application)|Tinder}} dating app.
*2024: That there'll be an OS from {{w|Nest Labs}}, presumably oriented towards home automation and the {{w|Internet of things}}.
*2029: That {{w|Elon Musk}} will come up with an operating system.
*2030: That {{w|Disk_operating_system|DOS}} would make a comeback, but only in an ironic fashion (maybe because there would be no more disks left for it to operate from).
*2034: That Randall will be deploying an [http://geneticliteracyproject.org/2014/07/genetically-engineered-red-blood-cells-could-be-drug-delivery-drones/ autonomous drug-delivery drone] in his body.
*2042: Human civilization comes to a fiery end, maybe due to some unholy combination of the above innovations. Another possible explanation is that human civilization will be wiped out by an artificial super-intelligence, superior to human intelligence, as Elon Musk, Ray Kurzweil, Bill Gates and many tech pundits foresee that 2045 will be the year to see such technology becoming real, and as Elon Musk, Bill Gates and many other tech pundits fear that it will be the extinction of all life on earth, as explained [http://waitbutwhy.com/2015/01/artificial-intelligence-revolution-2.html on this page].
*2059: At this time his operating system will be {{w|GNU}}/{{w|Hurd}}. This infamously and perennially late [http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/hurd.html GNU/Hurd] OS will finally make it in to Randall's home after human civilization has been wiped out. The joke is that GNU/Hurd began to be developed in 1990, and while it was expected to be released in a relatively short time, even now only unstable builds have been released. So Randall is saying that he will finally run it in his house a decade or two after the end of civilization. GNU/Hurd will presumably have an advantage as humanity rebuilds civilization due to the widespread availability of its code and development tools, and perhaps also because of Stallman's depth of belief, based on the title text. Alternatively, GNU/Hurd might be finished by the same force that finished humankind, for instance {{w|Skynet (Terminator)|Skynet}}, in case of {{w|Cybernetic revolt|AI Apocalypse}}. (Interestingly, although still far from completion, [http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/hurd/hurd.git/commit/?id=b8ffab7c38f3ede424b8a07553d6ee6b16abb85b a new version of GNU/Hurd] was released less than a week after this comic.)

The title text refers to {{w|Richard Stallman}}, the founder of the {{w|Free Software movement}} and the GNU and Hurd projects. A survivor of the fire that ended the human civilization has uncovered a slightly burned ({{w|Singe|singed}}) picture of him. Those gathered can see, either directly from the picture or because they already know of Stallman, that this was a man that really believed in something. In this case it was ''free software''. Inspired by his image, they rebuild their lost civilization and finish Hurd development.

Or maybe he means that a "herd" of {{w|Wildebeest|Gnus}} will be "running" in his living room, as wild animals reclaim the Earth after the end of human civilization.

GNU is a collection of free software utilities, particularly the system utilities used with the Linux Kernel to form the Linux operating system (often called GNU/Linux by those who wish to emphasize the contribution of the GNU project). Hurd is an operating system kernel designed as part of GNU project that could be used in place of the Linux kernel to produce a compete GNU operating system. Hurd has a microkernel architecture, which has many perceived advantages over Linux's monolithic kernel, and is thought by many to be technically superior, despite its low adoption rate compared to the Linux kernel.

Randall has made several comics about free software and also about Stallman. See this list of [[:Category:Comics featuring Richard Stallman|comics featuring Richard Stallman]]. Most of these are also about free software in some form.

==Transcript==
:[At the top of the panel:]
::'''Operating Systems'''
::running in my house

:[At the bottom there is time-line that runs from 1990 to 2066. It has small indicators for every year, larger for every 5 years and largest for every 10 years. Below the 10 year indicators are written the years. Also the year 2015 is marked:]
:1990 2000 2010 Now 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060

:[Bars above the time-line in four levels are labeled with operating system names, representing the time period for that OS. Below is a list of the bars on the time-line in order of first appearance (with approximate year ranges given). Also the level from 1-4 is indicated, with level 1 just above the time-line and level 4 the highest level above the line:]

:[Level 1 from 1988 to 1998 (extends a little left past the beginning of the time-line but not off panel):]
::MS DOS
:[Level 2 from 1993 to 2007:]
::Windows
:[Level 3 from 1994 to 2001:]
::Mac OS
:[Level 1 from 1999 to 2018:]
::Linux
:[Level 2 from 2009 to 2023. On the way the bar merges with iOS around 2019:]
::OS X
:[Level 3 from 2009 to 2016:]
::Android
:[Level 4 from 2013 to 2023. On the way to 2023 the bar moves down past Android to merge with OS X around 2019:]
::iOS
:[Level 1 from 2018 to 2028. The text is written in square brackets:]
::[Something].js
:[Level 3 from 2022 to 2029:]
::TinderOS
:[Level 2 from 2023 to 2032:]
::Nest
:[Level 1 from 2028 to 2041:]
::Elon Musk Project:
:[Level 3 from 2030 to 2036:]
::DOS, but ironically
:[Level 2 from 2034 to 2041:]
::Blood Drone
:[This is not a bar, but the text (in three lines) is in a, double bar-height (level 1-2), square bracket. The bracket extends from 2042 to 2051:]
::[Human civilization ends in fire]
:[Level 1 from 2059 going past the end of the panel past 2066:]
::GNU/Hurd

{{comic discussion}}
[[Category:Charts]]
[[Category:Computers]]
[[Category:Comics featuring Richard Stallman]]

1501: Mysteries

2015-09-03T23:36:31Z

Oiyarbepsy: /* Table */ there are some pretty good explanations for Mary Celeste

{{comic
| number = 1501
| date = March 20, 2015
| title = Mysteries
| image = mysteries.png
| titletext = At the bottom left: The mystery of why, when I know I needed to be asleep an hour ago, I decide it's a good time to read through every Wikipedia article in the categories 'Out-of-place artifacts', 'Earth mysteries', 'Anomalous weather', and 'List of people who disappeared mysteriously'.
}}

==Explanation==
This comic shows a graph in which several "mysteries" are mentioned and placed on the graph according to how weird they are on the x-axis and the y-axis indicates whether [[Randall]] has an explanation or not for the mystery. Each item is listed in the [[#Table|table below]].

Items near the top-right corner (such as the {{w|Malaysia Airlines Flight 370|MH 370}} disappearance) are both mysterious and strange. Items near the bottom-left corner (such as Randall's absent-mindedness regarding ice cream) have a clear explanation and are not really strange either. Items near the top-left corner (such as the meaning of ''{{w|You're So Vain}}'') are mysterious but not really strange. Items near the bottom-right corner (such as the {{w|Dyatlov Pass incident}}) have a clear explanation but are quite strange.

The title text refers to the mystery of Randall staying up late to read Wikipedia articles, when he was already supposed to be asleep an hour ago. This is apparently not very unusual for him (see for instance [[214: The Problem with Wikipedia]]). And this mystery actually has an obvious explanation: Following up on an idea that eventually led to today's cartoon.

Some of these mysteries have already been explored in xkcd. See [[950: Mystery Solved]] where Randall "solves" Amelia Earhart, Lost Roanoke Colony, Jimmy Hoffa; [[593: Voynich Manuscript]]; and [[1400: D.B. Cooper]].

==Table==
*The X axis in the graph indicates weirdness.
**The table assumes that the item to the far left is 0% (not that weird) and the item to the far right is 100% (weird as hell).
*The Y axis indicates if Randall has an explanation.
**The table assumes that the item at the bottom is 100% (Randall has a clear explanation) and the item at the top is 0% (Randall has no explanation).

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Entry
!Weirdness
!Explainability
!Further details
|-
|MH370
|100%
|0% 
|On 8 March 2014, {{w|Malaysia Airlines Flight 370}} cut off radio contact and diverted from its flight path with 227 passengers aboard, eventually heading over open ocean, eventually crashing in a remote part of the Indian Ocean. The disappearance remains without explanation
|-
|Lead masks case
|99%
|12% 
|In 1966 two Brazilian electricians were found dead on a hill top. No injuries. {{w|Lead Masks Case|Both were wearing lead masks}}.
|-
|Salish Sea feet
|96%
|31% 
|Over a dozen dismembered human feet {{w|Salish Sea human foot discoveries|were found}} between 2007 and 2014 on the coasts of the Salish Sea in British Columbia (Canada) and Washington (United States).
|-
|DB Cooper
|76%
|20% 
|{{w|D. B. Cooper}} was an airplane hijacker who jumped from a plane after successfully extorting a large ransom in 1971. No trace of him was ever found. Previously referenced in [[1400: D.B. Cooper]] which compares Cooper to film director {{w|Tommy Wiseau}}. Note that this "Mysteries" comic was published shortly after [http://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/2zdzik/tommy_wiseau_creator_of_the_room_and_the_new_tv/ Tommy Wiseau did a Reddit AMA.]
|-
|The WOW signal
|55%
|20% 
|The {{w|Wow! signal}} was a strong and clean radio transmission near 1420 MHz received by the Big Ear Radio Observatory at Ohio State University in 1977 that [http://www.universetoday.com/93754/35-years-later-the-wow-signal-still-tantalizes/ appears to have originated from interstellar space.] This is the strongest evidence to date of radio signals transmitted by extraterrestrial intelligent beings.
|-
|Mary Celeste
|70%
|43% 
|The ''{{w|Mary Celeste}}'' was a sailing ship found adrift off the {{w|Azores Islands}}, mysteriously abandoned yet otherwise undisturbed, in 1872. Most likely the crew abandoned ship, wrongly believing it was in danger. Its name has become a watchword for mysteriously abandoned ships.
|-
|UVB-76
|40%
|23% 
|{{w|UVB-76}} is a mysterious shortwave radio station, apparently originating from Russia, that has broadcast a monotonous buzz tone since 1982 with occasional other content.
|-
|Who Carly Simon is singing about in ''You're So Vain''
|9%
|4% 
|The ironically self-referential lyrics of the 1972 song include "You're so vain, you probably think this song is about you." There has been {{w|You%27re_So_Vain#Subject_of_the_song|much speculation}} regarding the person or persons to whom Simon was referring.
|-
|Zodiac letters
|62%
|62% 
|A set of letters were written by the so-called {{w|Zodiac Killer}}, a serial killer who was active in California in the 1960s and 1970s. The letters are [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Zodiac_Killer_letters available at Wikisource.] Some of the letters are encoded, only some of which have been deciphered. The killings remain unsolved.
|-
|Dyatlov Pass incident
|93%
|96% 
|On 2 February 1959, nine skiers in the northern Ural Mountains apparently {{w|Dyatlov Pass Incident|fled their tents without taking time to put on winter clothing}}. They were found dead, some with physical injuries. There are in fact a number of theories regarding this event, and it is not clear which one Randall regards as being obviously correct.
|-
|Kentucky meat shower
|85%
|93% 
|In 1876, a number of chunks of meat {{w|Kentucky meat shower|fell from the sky}} in Kentucky; this was possibly [http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/running-ponies/2014/12/01/the-great-kentucky-meat-shower-mystery-unwound-by-projectile-vulture-vomit/ projectile vomit from vultures.]
|-
|Lindbergh baby
|17%
|25% 
|The {{w|Lindbergh kidnapping}} was the kidnapping and murder of 20-month old Charles Lindbergh Jr. in 1932. Various {{w|Lindbergh kidnapping#Controversy|conspiracy theories}} surround the event.
|-
|Lost colony
|74%
|83% 
|The {{w|Roanoke Colony}} was the first English attempt to establish a permanent settlement in the New World. The colony of over a hundred settlers disappeared some time in the late 1580s, with no signs of violence and no definitive evidence as to what happened. However, given the hardships faced by the colonists when they were left and that the buildings in the colony were dismantled, indicating departure was not hurried, it is likely they moved and/or integrated with the local tribes. Which probably accounts for Randall's high "explainable" rating. (See title text of [[950: Mystery Solved]])
|-
|Toynbee tiles
|25%
|34% 
|{{w|Toynbee tiles}} are colorful ceramic tiles with cryptic messages that have been found embedded in asphalt in the streets of various midwestern-to-eastern cities in the United States and four South American cities.
|-
|Amelia Earhart
|56%
|74% 
|{{w|Amelia Earhart}} and her navigator tried to circumnavigate the earth along the equator in a small airplane in 1937, but {{w|Amelia Earhart#Speculation on disappearance|disappeared}} over the Pacific Ocean without any trace. See also [[950: Mystery Solved]].
|-
|Jimmy Hoffa
|10%
|42% 
|{{w|Jimmy Hoffa}} was an American labor union leader who disappeared in 1975. He is widely believed to have been murdered. (See title text of [[950: Mystery Solved]])
|-
|Voynich manuscript
|35%
|68% 
|The {{w|Voynich manuscript}} is an illustrated codex hand-written in an unknown writing system. It came to public attention in the early 20th century and probably was written in Italy in the early 15th century. See also [[593: Voynich Manuscript]].
|-
|Loch Ness monster
|64%
|100% 
|The {{w|Loch Ness Monster}} is a supposed animal that reputedly inhabits Loch Ness, a lake in Scotland. Multiple complete scans of the lake using sonar show no evidence of the monster, and the lake ecosystem is far too small to support even a single creature as large as the monster is alleged to be.
|-
|Bigfoot
|60%
|98% 
|{{w|Bigfoot}} is a supposed animal or hominid that reputedly inhabits the Pacific Northwest region of North America.
|-
|JFK
|38%
|86% 
|The 1963 {{w|Assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassination of President John F. Kennedy}} has inspired many conspiracy theories, beginning almost immediately after the event. The subsequent murder of assassin Lee Harvey Oswald added fuel to the fire by encouraging speculation that he was silenced to cover up the true story. It seems Randall thinks this has been explained pretty well.
|-
|Oak Island money pit
|32%
|98% 
|An indentation in the ground on {{w|Oak Island}} (off the east coast of Nova Scotia, Canada), led to over 200 years of treasure hunting, with the excavations repeatedly hampered by flooding pit collapses. A few flagstones, and periodic layers of logs are all that have been found. Rumours abound as to what it conceals: Marie Antoinnette's jewels, pirate treasure and Shakespeare's manuscripts have all been suggested. It is called The Money Pit, because of all the money that has been wasted in trying to solve the mystery.
|-
|Why I keep putting ice cream back in the fridge instead of the freezer
|0%
|96% 
|Apparently, Randall absent-mindedly puts his ice cream container into the refrigerator rather than into the freezer.
|}

Note that Randall used a similar diagram in [[1242: Scary Names]].

==Transcript==
:[In a frame at the top left of the panel:]
:'''Mysteries'''

:[A chart with two crossing lines with double arrows. Each arrow is labeled:]
:X-axis left: Not that weird
:X-axis right: Weird as Hell
:Y-axis top: I have no explanation
:Y-axis bottom: Explanation seems pretty clear

:[In the chart there are 22 bullets. Each bullet is labeled. Below the labels are given from top to bottom in each of the four quadrants of the chart:]

:[Top left quadrant:]
:Who Carly Simon is singing about in You're So Vain
:UVB-76
:Lindbergh baby
:Toynbee tiles
:Jimmy Hoffa

:[Top right quadrant:]
:MH370
:Lead Masks Case
:DB Cooper
:The Wow signal
:Salish Sea feet
:Mary Celeste

:[Bottom left quadrant:]
:Voynich manuscript
:JFK
:Why I keep putting ice cream back in the fridge instead of the freezer
:Oak Island Money Pit

:[Bottom right quadrant:]
:Zodiac letters
:Amelia Earhart
:Lost Colony
:Kentucky meat shower
:Bigfoot
:Loch Ness Monster
:Dyatlov Pass incident

{{comic discussion}}
[[Category:Charts]]
[[Category:Wikipedia]]

1501: Mysteries

2015-09-03T23:34:47Z

Oiyarbepsy: /* Table */ update on 370 (traces have been found)

{{comic
| number = 1501
| date = March 20, 2015
| title = Mysteries
| image = mysteries.png
| titletext = At the bottom left: The mystery of why, when I know I needed to be asleep an hour ago, I decide it's a good time to read through every Wikipedia article in the categories 'Out-of-place artifacts', 'Earth mysteries', 'Anomalous weather', and 'List of people who disappeared mysteriously'.
}}

==Explanation==
This comic shows a graph in which several "mysteries" are mentioned and placed on the graph according to how weird they are on the x-axis and the y-axis indicates whether [[Randall]] has an explanation or not for the mystery. Each item is listed in the [[#Table|table below]].

Items near the top-right corner (such as the {{w|Malaysia Airlines Flight 370|MH 370}} disappearance) are both mysterious and strange. Items near the bottom-left corner (such as Randall's absent-mindedness regarding ice cream) have a clear explanation and are not really strange either. Items near the top-left corner (such as the meaning of ''{{w|You're So Vain}}'') are mysterious but not really strange. Items near the bottom-right corner (such as the {{w|Dyatlov Pass incident}}) have a clear explanation but are quite strange.

The title text refers to the mystery of Randall staying up late to read Wikipedia articles, when he was already supposed to be asleep an hour ago. This is apparently not very unusual for him (see for instance [[214: The Problem with Wikipedia]]). And this mystery actually has an obvious explanation: Following up on an idea that eventually led to today's cartoon.

Some of these mysteries have already been explored in xkcd. See [[950: Mystery Solved]] where Randall "solves" Amelia Earhart, Lost Roanoke Colony, Jimmy Hoffa; [[593: Voynich Manuscript]]; and [[1400: D.B. Cooper]].

==Table==
*The X axis in the graph indicates weirdness.
**The table assumes that the item to the far left is 0% (not that weird) and the item to the far right is 100% (weird as hell).
*The Y axis indicates if Randall has an explanation.
**The table assumes that the item at the bottom is 100% (Randall has a clear explanation) and the item at the top is 0% (Randall has no explanation).

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Entry
!Weirdness
!Explainability
!Further details
|-
|MH370
|100%
|0% 
|On 8 March 2014, {{w|Malaysia Airlines Flight 370}} cut off radio contact and diverted from its flight path with 227 passengers aboard, eventually heading over open ocean, eventually crashing in a remote part of the Indian Ocean. The disappearance remains without explanation
|-
|Lead masks case
|99%
|12% 
|In 1966 two Brazilian electricians were found dead on a hill top. No injuries. {{w|Lead Masks Case|Both were wearing lead masks}}.
|-
|Salish Sea feet
|96%
|31% 
|Over a dozen dismembered human feet {{w|Salish Sea human foot discoveries|were found}} between 2007 and 2014 on the coasts of the Salish Sea in British Columbia (Canada) and Washington (United States).
|-
|DB Cooper
|76%
|20% 
|{{w|D. B. Cooper}} was an airplane hijacker who jumped from a plane after successfully extorting a large ransom in 1971. No trace of him was ever found. Previously referenced in [[1400: D.B. Cooper]] which compares Cooper to film director {{w|Tommy Wiseau}}. Note that this "Mysteries" comic was published shortly after [http://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/2zdzik/tommy_wiseau_creator_of_the_room_and_the_new_tv/ Tommy Wiseau did a Reddit AMA.]
|-
|The WOW signal
|55%
|20% 
|The {{w|Wow! signal}} was a strong and clean radio transmission near 1420 MHz received by the Big Ear Radio Observatory at Ohio State University in 1977 that [http://www.universetoday.com/93754/35-years-later-the-wow-signal-still-tantalizes/ appears to have originated from interstellar space.] This is the strongest evidence to date of radio signals transmitted by extraterrestrial intelligent beings.
|-
|Mary Celeste
|70%
|43% 
|The ''{{w|Mary Celeste}}'' was a sailing ship found adrift off the {{w|Azores Islands}}, mysteriously abandoned yet otherwise undisturbed, in 1872. No explanation for these events has ever been determined. Its name has become a watchword for mysteriously abandoned ships.
|-
|UVB-76
|40%
|23% 
|{{w|UVB-76}} is a mysterious shortwave radio station, apparently originating from Russia, that has broadcast a monotonous buzz tone since 1982 with occasional other content.
|-
|Who Carly Simon is singing about in ''You're So Vain''
|9%
|4% 
|The ironically self-referential lyrics of the 1972 song include "You're so vain, you probably think this song is about you." There has been {{w|You%27re_So_Vain#Subject_of_the_song|much speculation}} regarding the person or persons to whom Simon was referring.
|-
|Zodiac letters
|62%
|62% 
|A set of letters were written by the so-called {{w|Zodiac Killer}}, a serial killer who was active in California in the 1960s and 1970s. The letters are [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Zodiac_Killer_letters available at Wikisource.] Some of the letters are encoded, only some of which have been deciphered. The killings remain unsolved.
|-
|Dyatlov Pass incident
|93%
|96% 
|On 2 February 1959, nine skiers in the northern Ural Mountains apparently {{w|Dyatlov Pass Incident|fled their tents without taking time to put on winter clothing}}. They were found dead, some with physical injuries. There are in fact a number of theories regarding this event, and it is not clear which one Randall regards as being obviously correct.
|-
|Kentucky meat shower
|85%
|93% 
|In 1876, a number of chunks of meat {{w|Kentucky meat shower|fell from the sky}} in Kentucky; this was possibly [http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/running-ponies/2014/12/01/the-great-kentucky-meat-shower-mystery-unwound-by-projectile-vulture-vomit/ projectile vomit from vultures.]
|-
|Lindbergh baby
|17%
|25% 
|The {{w|Lindbergh kidnapping}} was the kidnapping and murder of 20-month old Charles Lindbergh Jr. in 1932. Various {{w|Lindbergh kidnapping#Controversy|conspiracy theories}} surround the event.
|-
|Lost colony
|74%
|83% 
|The {{w|Roanoke Colony}} was the first English attempt to establish a permanent settlement in the New World. The colony of over a hundred settlers disappeared some time in the late 1580s, with no signs of violence and no definitive evidence as to what happened. However, given the hardships faced by the colonists when they were left and that the buildings in the colony were dismantled, indicating departure was not hurried, it is likely they moved and/or integrated with the local tribes. Which probably accounts for Randall's high "explainable" rating. (See title text of [[950: Mystery Solved]])
|-
|Toynbee tiles
|25%
|34% 
|{{w|Toynbee tiles}} are colorful ceramic tiles with cryptic messages that have been found embedded in asphalt in the streets of various midwestern-to-eastern cities in the United States and four South American cities.
|-
|Amelia Earhart
|56%
|74% 
|{{w|Amelia Earhart}} and her navigator tried to circumnavigate the earth along the equator in a small airplane in 1937, but {{w|Amelia Earhart#Speculation on disappearance|disappeared}} over the Pacific Ocean without any trace. See also [[950: Mystery Solved]].
|-
|Jimmy Hoffa
|10%
|42% 
|{{w|Jimmy Hoffa}} was an American labor union leader who disappeared in 1975. He is widely believed to have been murdered. (See title text of [[950: Mystery Solved]])
|-
|Voynich manuscript
|35%
|68% 
|The {{w|Voynich manuscript}} is an illustrated codex hand-written in an unknown writing system. It came to public attention in the early 20th century and probably was written in Italy in the early 15th century. See also [[593: Voynich Manuscript]].
|-
|Loch Ness monster
|64%
|100% 
|The {{w|Loch Ness Monster}} is a supposed animal that reputedly inhabits Loch Ness, a lake in Scotland. Multiple complete scans of the lake using sonar show no evidence of the monster, and the lake ecosystem is far too small to support even a single creature as large as the monster is alleged to be.
|-
|Bigfoot
|60%
|98% 
|{{w|Bigfoot}} is a supposed animal or hominid that reputedly inhabits the Pacific Northwest region of North America.
|-
|JFK
|38%
|86% 
|The 1963 {{w|Assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassination of President John F. Kennedy}} has inspired many conspiracy theories, beginning almost immediately after the event. The subsequent murder of assassin Lee Harvey Oswald added fuel to the fire by encouraging speculation that he was silenced to cover up the true story. It seems Randall thinks this has been explained pretty well.
|-
|Oak Island money pit
|32%
|98% 
|An indentation in the ground on {{w|Oak Island}} (off the east coast of Nova Scotia, Canada), led to over 200 years of treasure hunting, with the excavations repeatedly hampered by flooding pit collapses. A few flagstones, and periodic layers of logs are all that have been found. Rumours abound as to what it conceals: Marie Antoinnette's jewels, pirate treasure and Shakespeare's manuscripts have all been suggested. It is called The Money Pit, because of all the money that has been wasted in trying to solve the mystery.
|-
|Why I keep putting ice cream back in the fridge instead of the freezer
|0%
|96% 
|Apparently, Randall absent-mindedly puts his ice cream container into the refrigerator rather than into the freezer.
|}

Note that Randall used a similar diagram in [[1242: Scary Names]].

==Transcript==
:[In a frame at the top left of the panel:]
:'''Mysteries'''

:[A chart with two crossing lines with double arrows. Each arrow is labeled:]
:X-axis left: Not that weird
:X-axis right: Weird as Hell
:Y-axis top: I have no explanation
:Y-axis bottom: Explanation seems pretty clear

:[In the chart there are 22 bullets. Each bullet is labeled. Below the labels are given from top to bottom in each of the four quadrants of the chart:]

:[Top left quadrant:]
:Who Carly Simon is singing about in You're So Vain
:UVB-76
:Lindbergh baby
:Toynbee tiles
:Jimmy Hoffa

:[Top right quadrant:]
:MH370
:Lead Masks Case
:DB Cooper
:The Wow signal
:Salish Sea feet
:Mary Celeste

:[Bottom left quadrant:]
:Voynich manuscript
:JFK
:Why I keep putting ice cream back in the fridge instead of the freezer
:Oak Island Money Pit

:[Bottom right quadrant:]
:Zodiac letters
:Amelia Earhart
:Lost Colony
:Kentucky meat shower
:Bigfoot
:Loch Ness Monster
:Dyatlov Pass incident

{{comic discussion}}
[[Category:Charts]]
[[Category:Wikipedia]]

1381: Margin

2015-08-30T05:21:33Z

Oiyarbepsy: /* Background to Fermat's Last Theorem */

{{comic
| number = 1381
| date = June 13, 2014
| title = Margin
| image = margin.png
| titletext = PROTIP: You can get around the Shannon-Hartley limit by setting your font size to 0.
}}

==Explanation==

This is a reference to {{w|Fermat's Last Theorem}}, of which {{w|Pierre de Fermat}} claimed he had a proof that was too large to fit in the margin of a copy of ''{{w|Arithmetica}}''. Despite its simple formulation, the problem remained unsolved for three centuries; it was cracked only with advanced techniques developed in the 20th century, leading many to believe that Fermat didn't actually possess {{w|Fermat's Last Theorem#Did Fermat possess a general proof?|a (correct) proof}} (see [[#trivia|trivia]]).

In the comic, the person writing in the margin attempts to pull a similar trick, without actually having any proof, by claiming that he has found a proof that information is infinitely compressible, but pretending not to be able to show it due to lack of space in the margin. In this particular case, however, this approach backfires, precisely because if information was actually infinitely compressible, the writer ''would'' be able to fit the proof in the margin (due to his own proof). The writer realizes that if he had a proof he should be able to fit it into the margin, and thus he realizes that he cannot pull this trick. Or perhaps the writer really thought he had a proof, but then realized that his statement was a counterexample, and was disappointed that his idea for a proof was wrong.

What it seems he did not realize, is that it would be impossible to read the proof if the writer actually was able to compress his proof to fit in the margin. This is because you would need to know the algorithm described in the proof before you could decompress the proof text so you can read it. So he could actually have used this trick instead, writing that he had compressed it into - say a dot "'''.'''" - and then people would have to find his proof to read it. And since they cannot find such a proof - they could not check his dot. Unfortunately this would also have backfired - because there is already a {{w|Pigeonhole principle#Uses and applications|proof that this is not possible}}!

The title text, yet another [[:Category:Protip|protip]], makes a reference to the {{w|Shannon–Hartley theorem}}, which limits the maximum rate at which information can be transmitted. Setting the font size of text only changes its ''representation'' on the screen, and not the actual characters themselves. Trying to decrease the amount of space needed to store or transmit it like advised would be nonsensical. Another possible interpretation is that if you set the font size to 0, the text cannot be seen, and therefore, nothing is being transmitted period.

==Transcript==
:[Written on the right margin of a page:]
:I have
:discovered
:a truly
:marvelous
:proof that
:information
:is infinitely
:compressible,
:but this
:margin is too
:small to...

:...oh

:never mind :(

==Background to Fermat's Last Theorem==

*Fermat's Last Theorem states that no three positive integers ''a'', ''b'', and ''c'' can satisfy the equation ''a''''n'' + ''b''''n'' = ''c''''n'' for any integer value of ''n'' greater than two.
**In the case with n=2, a b and c are the sides {{w|Pythagorean theorem|right triangle}}. There are an infinite number of integer solutions for a, b and c, such as ''3''''2'' + ''4''''2'' = ''5''''2''. This was known to Euclid.
*Fermat's Last Theorem was {{w|Wiles' proof of Fermat's Last Theorem|solved}} in 1995 by {{w|Andrew Wiles}} with some assistance by {{w|Richard Taylor (mathematician)|Richard Taylor}} who helped him close a gap in his original proof from 1993.
**The proof involved some of the most complicated mathematics used today, and it has been speculated that only a handful of people in the world would be able to understand it.
**For people interested in the subject, {{w|Simon Singh}} has written a [http://simonsingh.net/books/fermats-last-theorem/the-book/ popular science book] about it, called ''{{w|Fermat's Last Theorem (book)|Fermat's Last Theorem}}''.
***[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qiNcEguuFSA Fermat's Last Theorem - Numberphile]
***[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXbsIbRVios Fermat's Last Theorem (extra footage) - Numberphile]
*There are US Patents in this very area, analyzed by [http://gailly.net/05533051.html Jean-loup Gailly].

{{comic discussion}}
[[Category:Protip]]
[[Category:Math]]

1381: Margin

2015-08-30T05:20:56Z

Oiyarbepsy: /* Explanation */ The explanation is fine

{{comic
| number = 1381
| date = June 13, 2014
| title = Margin
| image = margin.png
| titletext = PROTIP: You can get around the Shannon-Hartley limit by setting your font size to 0.
}}

==Explanation==

This is a reference to {{w|Fermat's Last Theorem}}, of which {{w|Pierre de Fermat}} claimed he had a proof that was too large to fit in the margin of a copy of ''{{w|Arithmetica}}''. Despite its simple formulation, the problem remained unsolved for three centuries; it was cracked only with advanced techniques developed in the 20th century, leading many to believe that Fermat didn't actually possess {{w|Fermat's Last Theorem#Did Fermat possess a general proof?|a (correct) proof}} (see [[#trivia|trivia]]).

In the comic, the person writing in the margin attempts to pull a similar trick, without actually having any proof, by claiming that he has found a proof that information is infinitely compressible, but pretending not to be able to show it due to lack of space in the margin. In this particular case, however, this approach backfires, precisely because if information was actually infinitely compressible, the writer ''would'' be able to fit the proof in the margin (due to his own proof). The writer realizes that if he had a proof he should be able to fit it into the margin, and thus he realizes that he cannot pull this trick. Or perhaps the writer really thought he had a proof, but then realized that his statement was a counterexample, and was disappointed that his idea for a proof was wrong.

What it seems he did not realize, is that it would be impossible to read the proof if the writer actually was able to compress his proof to fit in the margin. This is because you would need to know the algorithm described in the proof before you could decompress the proof text so you can read it. So he could actually have used this trick instead, writing that he had compressed it into - say a dot "'''.'''" - and then people would have to find his proof to read it. And since they cannot find such a proof - they could not check his dot. Unfortunately this would also have backfired - because there is already a {{w|Pigeonhole principle#Uses and applications|proof that this is not possible}}!

The title text, yet another [[:Category:Protip|protip]], makes a reference to the {{w|Shannon–Hartley theorem}}, which limits the maximum rate at which information can be transmitted. Setting the font size of text only changes its ''representation'' on the screen, and not the actual characters themselves. Trying to decrease the amount of space needed to store or transmit it like advised would be nonsensical. Another possible interpretation is that if you set the font size to 0, the text cannot be seen, and therefore, nothing is being transmitted period.

==Transcript==
:[Written on the right margin of a page:]
:I have
:discovered
:a truly
:marvelous
:proof that
:information
:is infinitely
:compressible,
:but this
:margin is too
:small to...

:...oh

:never mind :(

==Background to Fermat's Last Theorem==
{{incomplete|What in the world went on here? Did everyone who wrote this do it in their sleep? This is unbelievably messy! I know some of this story, and I've come out of reading this more confused than before!}}
*Fermat's Last Theorem states that no three positive integers ''a'', ''b'', and ''c'' can satisfy the equation ''a''''n'' + ''b''''n'' = ''c''''n'' for any integer value of ''n'' greater than two.
**In the case with n=2, a b and c are the sides {{w|Pythagorean theorem|right triangle}}. There are an infinite number of integer solutions for a, b and c, such as ''3''''2'' + ''4''''2'' = ''5''''2''. This was known to Euclid.
*Fermat's Last Theorem was {{w|Wiles' proof of Fermat's Last Theorem|solved}} in 1995 by {{w|Andrew Wiles}} with some assistance by {{w|Richard Taylor (mathematician)|Richard Taylor}} who helped him close a gap in his original proof from 1993.
**The proof involved some of the most complicated mathematics used today, and it has been speculated that only a handful of people in the world would be able to understand it.
**For people interested in the subject, {{w|Simon Singh}} has written a [http://simonsingh.net/books/fermats-last-theorem/the-book/ popular science book] about it, called ''{{w|Fermat's Last Theorem (book)|Fermat's Last Theorem}}''.
***[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qiNcEguuFSA Fermat's Last Theorem - Numberphile]
***[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXbsIbRVios Fermat's Last Theorem (extra footage) - Numberphile]
*There are US Patents in this very area, analyzed by [http://gailly.net/05533051.html Jean-loup Gailly].

{{comic discussion}}
[[Category:Protip]]
[[Category:Math]]

1330: Kola Borehole

2015-08-29T04:16:26Z

Oiyarbepsy: /* Explanation */ "No evidence of" is only appropriate when the statement could possibly be true

{{comic
| number = 1330
| date = February 14, 2014
| title = Kola Borehole
| image = kola_borehole.png
| titletext = Tonight's top story: Lucifer, the Prince of Darkness, died in his home this morning at the age of [unintelligible rune]. Due to the large number of sharks inhabiting his former kingdom, no body could be recovered.
}}

==Explanation==
The {{w|Kola Superdeep Borehole}} is the result of a scientific drilling project by the Soviet Union in what is now north-western Russia that began in 1970 and continued through 1992. It was an attempt to drill as far into the Earth as possible. The deepest hole reached 12,262 metres (40,230 ft). It remains the {{w|Extreme points of Earth#Lowest point (artificial)|deepest artificial point on earth}}.

[[Megan]] mentions the {{w|well to Hell hoax}} that the drilling hit a super-hot cavern which is disproved at [http://www.snopes.com/religion/wellhell.asp www.snopes.com: "The Well to Hell"]. Although super-hot temperature was the reason the project was abandoned, no chamber or voices were discovered. As Megan notes, the hoax plays on the popular notion that {{w|Hell}} is literally a physical place below us — therefore by definition, towards the centre of the Earth — whereas Heaven is above us; often depicted in the clouds.

Megan suggests that the miners therefore sealed the hole to "seal in" Hell. There is no mention in the Wikipedia article about the hole being sealed; however there is a picture with the caption "The borehole itself (welded shut)". If "sealing the hole" is considered to mean filling the entire hole up with concrete or some other material, then given the potential for future scientific data, the 22 years spent drilling and the cost of sealing the hole, this would not seem to be a reasonable thing to do.

[[Black Hat]] suggests that if the Hoax were true and the miners did believe they'd drilled into Hell, a better alternative to sealing the hole would have been to dig a canal to the ocean, thereby allowing water to flow into the hole and into Hell. Given the common depiction of a subterranean Hell is characterized by fire and brimstone and extreme heat, filling Hell with water would both drastically alter the landscape and entirely flood Hell.

Megan never thought of that possibility and compliments Black Hat's ingenuity by suggesting that if there were ever a real conflict with Hell, she would want to be "on his side", given his clever suggestion on how to destroy Hell. He responds by suggesting that Megan is "nice" and therefore probably won't be on his side. This suggests Black Hat considers himself evil and thinks he would be fighting for Hell or maybe on behalf of those consigned there, rather than against it.

The title text parodies a nondescript news report of a person's death. In this case it is about {{w|Lucifer}} being killed by Black Hat carrying out his plan to flood Hell. However, the report is written in a non-descript way that ignores the presumed sensationalism of the story (i.e., that Hell exists and has been flooded). It is notable that "Lucifer" is often used in modern times to refer to {{w|Satan}} and both are used to refer to the "leader" or "keeper" of Hell, although the Bible never directly identifies them as the same entity, and he/they are never tied directly to Hell anywhere in the Bible. Much of the modern image of Hell is derived from Dante's "{{w| Inferno (Dante) |Inferno}}" along with a variety of additional details which have been added and changed throughout the years. The reference to sharks is a reference to [[1326: Sharks]] that was released week before.

==See also==
*[[1040: Lakes and Oceans]], [http://xkcd.com/1040/large/ 1040 large], on the right hand side.
*{{w|Well to Hell hoax}}

==Transcript==
:[Megan and Black Hat are sitting in front of their laptops.]
:Megan: Ever hear of the Kola Borehole?
:Black Hat: No—what's that?
:Megan: A Soviet project to drill deep into the Earth's crust.

:Megan: There's a hoax report claiming that their drill broke through into a superhot cavern, and when they lowered a microphone into the hole, they heard tormented screaming. People say that's why the miners sealed the well and abandoned the project.

:Black Hat: Why would anyone ''believe'' that story?
:Megan: I guess some people think Hell is literally an underground place.

:Black Hat: No - I mean, why would the miners seal the opening? Why not just dig a canal connecting it to the ocean? Unless they '''''like''''' Hell.

:Megan: ...If there's ever a war between Earth and Hell, I hope I'm on '''''your''''' side.
:Black Hat: You seem nice; you probably won't be.

{{comic discussion}}
[[Category:Comics featuring Megan]]
[[Category:Comics featuring Black Hat]]
[[Category:Religion]]
[[Category:Sharks]]

1186: Bumblebees

2015-08-20T23:09:46Z

Oiyarbepsy: /* Explanation */ No branch of science ever legitimately reached this conclusion, the likely origin is an error

{{comic
| number = 1186
| date = March 15, 2013
| title = Bumblebees
| image = bumblebees.png
| titletext = Did you know sociologists can't explain why people keep repeating that urban legend about bumblebees not being able to fly!?
}}

==Explanation==
There is an {{w|Bumblebee#Flight|often repeated legend}} that according to the laws of aerodynamics, {{w|Bumblebee|bumblebees}} cannot fly. No theories of aerodynamics or mechanics have ever claimed such a thing, and the legend likely originates from a mathematical error that appeared in a 1934 book, written by a scientist who acknowledged that the conclusion was probably wrong.

Here, [[Randall]] puts a bumblebee on top of a control column inside of an airplane and let it fly the entire plane because the bumblebee now really can fly. But {{w|physicist|physicists}} are still confused and don't know how the bees do accomplish this.

The strip also creates a fallacy that when experts can't explain something, they must not be able to understand it. In this particular case, experts are unable to explain why bees can fly airplanes because they can't fly airplanes.

This strip could be a reference to {{w|Bee Movie}}, in which the main character, Barry B. Benson, enlists the help of other bees to land a plane with the last reserves of pollen on Earth. The opening quote of the movie repeats the Bumblebee legend, followed by saying, "The bee, of course, flies anyway, because bees don't care what humans think is impossible."

The title text mentions that {{w|Sociology|sociologists}} are also unable to explain why many people repeat this obviously wrong {{w|urban legend}}.

==Transcript==
:Science fact:
:[A bumblebee sits on the control column in the cockpit of an airplane.]
:Physicists still can't explain how bumblebees can fly airplanes.

{{comic discussion}}
[[Category:Comics with color]]

1184: Circumference Formula

2015-08-20T12:02:02Z

Oiyarbepsy: /* Explanation */ Delete ludicrous page that ridiculously states that an apostrophe and prime aren't the same thing (They are in handwriting)

{{comic
| number = 1184
| date = March 11, 2013
| title = Circumference Formula
| image = circumference_formula.png
| titletext = Assume r' refers to the radius of Earth Prime, and r'<nowiki/>' means radius in inches.
}}

==Explanation==
The {{w|circumference}} C of a {{w|circle}} is 2{{w|pi|π}}''r'', where ''r'' is the {{w|radius}} of the circle. [[Randall]] then makes a {{w|Note (typography)|footnote}} about ''r'', using 2. This creates a typographical ambiguity, since a superscript 2 can also be an exponent (as in ''x''2). The comical purpose of this ambiguity is that the formula initially makes an appearance of a mistake and confusion with the formula for the ''{{w|area}}'' of the circle: A = π''r'' 2. If and only if the reader realizes that the superscript text is a reference to a footnote will they understand that the author has in fact supplied the correct formula.

The title text makes a related joke. Randall has used r′ (r-{{w|Prime (symbol)|prime}}) and r″ (r-prime-prime, typically pronounced as ''r double prime''). The title text can be explained thusly:

Like many symbols, prime has widely differing meanings depending on context. In mathematics prime is often employed to distinguish corresponding components in analogous systems. For example, in a description of a basic physical system, if the velocity of an object is denoted with the variable ''v'', the velocity of that object at time=0 may be denoted with ''v′''. Playing off this use of prime, Randall has selected the radius of {{w|Earth Prime}}, a concept used in speculative fiction with parallel universes and multiple Earths. Earth Prime is our Earth (or at least the Earth from which the protagonists originate).

However, other disciplines use prime to mean other things. In timekeeping and navigations ′ denotes minutes (fractions of hours or degrees, respectively) and ″ denotes seconds (fractions of minutes). In the United States and some other places not using meters to measure distance, ′ denotes feet and ″ denotes {{w|inches}}.

The suggestion of using r′ or r″ does not cause any mathematical confusion, but using the former to denote the radius of a specific object and the latter to denote a radius using a specific unit of measurement would be highly esoteric.

2 These are not intended to indicate the presence of a footn... oh, never mind.

==Transcript==
:Circumference of a circle:
:2πr2
:2The circle's radius

{{comic discussion}}
[[Category:Math]]

1173: Steroids

2015-08-20T01:10:48Z

Oiyarbepsy: /* Explanation */ better explanation

{{comic
| number = 1173
| date = February 13, 2013
| title = Steroids
| image = steroids.png
| titletext = A human is a system for converting dust billions of years ago into dust billions of years from now via a roundabout process which involves checking email a lot.
}}

==Explanation==
This comic is about steroid usage to enhance one's performance; it is likely inspired by {{w|Lance Armstrong}}'s then-recent confession to blood doping in a televised interview with {{w|Oprah Winfrey}} (although Armstrong's confessions did not itself include {{w|anabolic steroid}} use; "steroids" is a common catch-all phrase often misused to reference other forms of doping).

The comic states that humans are essentially made up of chemicals, and they need other chemicals to survive — for example, food, water and air are made up of chemicals. Humans also have a propensity for competition to find out which person is the fastest and strongest.

This comic is making the point that the criterion about which chemicals (steroids) humans may or may not take in to be considered the strongest or fastest is an artificial criterion. This is demonstrated by [[Megan]] explaining the whole concept to a non-humanoid intelligence; when framed the way Megan frames it, the explanation sounds rather trivial and silly. A better explanation would be to say that some chemicals make humans faster and stronger but also damage the human body, so these chemical are banned so the competitors won't destroy themselves.

This comic is one of many instances where Randall attempts to trivialize sports.

The title text changes the perspective again by suggesting that humanity itself is trivial in the grand scheme of things and that really all we are is a "transition" state between old dust and new dust, with a bunch of emailing in between.

The comic was published on {{w|Ash Wednesday}} (Western liturgical start of Lent). The dust to dust reference calls to mind the charge, "Remember man that thou art dust and unto dust you shall return," which is traditionally spoken by priests as they place ashes on the foreheads of observers on Ash Wednesday, in addition to the idea that all atoms in the universe other than Hydrogen, Helium, and some Lithium, were created after the big-bang via {{w|Stellar nucleosynthesis}}, with further production and dispersal via {{w|Supernova nucleosynthesis}}. Thus the reference by {{w|Joni Mitchell}} in the song {{w|Woodstock (song)}}: "We are stardust..."; and echoed by {{w|Carl Sagan}}: "We are star stuff."

==Transcript==
:[Megan is talking to an energy based intelligence.]
:Something: ''Explain to me this "steroid scandal."''

:Megan: Well, uh... We humans are sacks of chemicals which stay alive by finding other chemicals and putting them inside us.

:Megan: We hold contests to see which humans are fastest and strongest.
:Megan: But some humans eat chemicals that make them ''too'' fast and strong.

:Megan: And they '''win contests'''!
:Something: ''That does sound bad.''
:Megan: It's ''awful!''

{{comic discussion}}
[[Category:Comics featuring Megan]]
[[Category:Biology]]

1167: Star Trek into Darkness

2015-08-18T11:50:43Z

Oiyarbepsy: /* +~tRiViA+~ */ redirects for discussion

{{comic
| number = 1167
| date = January 30, 2013
| title = Star Trek into Darkness
| image = star_trek_into_darkness.png
| titletext = Of course, factions immediately sprang up in favor of '~*~sTaR tReK iNtO dArKnEsS~*~', 'xX_StAr TrEk InTo DaRkNess_Xx', and 'Star Trek lnto Darkness' (that's a lowercase 'L').
}}

==Explanation==

The talk page of a Wikipedia article is used to discuss changes to the article. An {{w|Wikipedia:Edit warring|edit war}} is a dispute about a specific edit to an article, manifesting as a series of edits alternating between making and reverting the change, and usually accompanied by a more-or-less heated debate on the talk page.

Here, [[Randall Munroe|Randall]] is referring to a dispute on the Wikipedia article about ''{{w|Star Trek Into Darkness}}'' (an upcoming Star Trek film at the time of the comic's posting). On the day before the comic was published, the article name had a lowercase "into", and the talk page looked [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Star_Trek_Into_Darkness&oldid=535542349 like this] (rounded off in a friendly way, with the posting of {{w|User:Frungi/Star Trek Into Darkness capitalization|a summary of the arguments}}, and an exchange of virtual hugs).

[[Cueball]] changes the title so that every other letter is capitalized, and adds framing tildes and asterisks (a common, childish way of emphasizing titles online). This will probably not go over well.

Megan's line of "They should have sent a poet." is a quote from the film ''{{w|Contact (film)|Contact}}''. The quote is also featured in [[482: Height]]. In the movie, the line was meant to convey that only a poet could adequately capture the beauty seen; here, it indicates that prose is insufficient to capture the ironic beauty of the edit war.

The title text indicates Randall's belief that such arguments are perpetual and will always arise. He suggests that the edit to the Wikipedia page will result in a dispute over variants of Cueballs "compromise". Because the lowercase "L" and the capital "I" appear similar in many fonts, he also puts forth the potential argument that the character in the movie's title is a lowercase "L".

The old "favorite edit war" might be the one referenced in the title text of [[878: Model Rail]].

==xX_tRaNsCrIpT_Xx==
:[Cueball staring at computer screen.]
:Cueball: Oh, wow. Look at Wikipedia's Talk page for Star Trek into Darkness. I have a new favorite edit war.
:Megan (off-panel): Oh?

:Cueball: Forty ''thousand'' words of debate over whether to capitalize "into" in the movie's title. Still no consensus.
:Megan: That's ''magnificent''.
:Cueball: It's breathtaking.
:Megan: They should have sent a poet.

:Cueball: Well, I'm making an executive decision. I hope both sides accept this as a fair compromise.

:[A Wikipedia page titled "~*~ StAr TrEk InTo DaRkNeSs ~*~"]

==+~tRiViA+~==
After the publication of the comic, the debate continued with full force, complete with {{w|Talk:Star Trek Into Darkness/Archive 5#xkcd Mention|a section of xkcd-inspired suggestions}}. The article itself was soon protected, so that only administrators could edit it. A day later, the title was changed to one including a capital "Into" by the administrator {{w|User:Mackensen|Mackensen}}. (The debate continued on {{w|User talk:Mackensen/Archive20#Star Trek into Darkness move|his talk page}}.) Currently https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/~*~_StAr_TrEk_InTo_DaRkNeSs_~*~ is a valid link and it redirects to the correct page, but this redirect was {{w|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2015 January 25#~*~ StAr TrEk InTo DaRkNeSs ~*~|nominated for deletion}} and kept in 2015.

{{w|The Independent}} published an article about the "[http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/trekkies-take-on-wikis-in-a-grammatical-tizzy-over-star-trek-into-darkness-8475705.html grammatical tizzy]", and the affair as a whole was added to Wikipedia's humorous list of the {{w|WP:Lamest edit wars|lamest edit wars}}.

{{comic discussion 1167}}
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]
[[Category:Comics featuring Megan]]
[[Category:Wikipedia]]
[[Category:Compromise]]

1138: Heatmap

2015-08-05T07:17:13Z

Oiyarbepsy: /* Explanation */ delete irrelevant paragraph

{{comic
| number = 1138
| date = November 23, 2012
| title = Heatmap
| image = heatmap.png
| titletext = There are also a lot of global versions of this map showing traffic to English-language websites which are indistinguishable from maps of the location of internet users who are native English speakers.
}}

==Explanation==
In the comic, by comparing three graphs, [[Cueball]] comes to the conclusion that the audience (presumably the owners/operators of "our site") should adjust their content or advertising to cater to {{w|Martha Stewart}} and {{w|furry fandom|furry}} porn fans. The actual reason the graphs are same is they all match the population concentration in the U.S., because there is no statistically-significant relation between geographic location and any of the mentioned sub-populations.

A heatmap (the term having been coined and [http://www.trademarkia.com/heatmaps-75263259.html trademarked] by {{w|Cormac Kinney}}) is a graph showing three-dimensional data on a two-dimensional image, with each pixel's colour representing the value of the data at that position. It does not necessarily have anything to do with heat, but a heatmap may resemble a thermal image. In this comic, red represents the highest numerical values, then yellow and green, with white the lowest values, in all three maps.

The title text reflects a similar situation in world maps where the website written in English is read by English-speaking users no matter the location, because their ISP and search providers direct them primarily to English websites, so the visitors' geographic graph matches the graph of the global English-speaking population.

==Transcript==
:[Three near-identical charts of the 48 contiguous United States are shown with heatmaps depicting population density. The first chart is labelled "Our site's users," the second chart is labelled "Subscribers to ''Martha Stewart Living''," and the third chart is labelled "Consumers of furry pornography." Cueball is standing with a stick pointing at the charts.]
:Cueball: The business implications are clear.
:Pet peeve #208:
:Geographic profile maps which are basically just population maps

{{comic discussion}}
[[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]
[[Category:Comics with color]]
[[Category:Charts]]
[[Category:Statistics]]
[[Category:Furries]]
[[Category:Pet Peeves]]

1079: United Shapes

2015-08-05T06:32:21Z

Oiyarbepsy: /* Explanation */ better translation for Colorado's "motto"

{{comic
| number = 1079
| date = July 9, 2012
| title = United Shapes
| image = united_shapes.png
| imagesize = 800px
| titletext = That eggplant is in something of a flaccid state.
}}
The large version is here: [http://xkcd.com/1079/large/ http://xkcd.com/1079/large/]
==Explanation==
In this comic, each state of the United States of America has been filled-in with an object of similar shape. Due to the size range of the states, some states are too small to clearly make-out in the normal size image. Click [http://xkcd.com/1079/large/ here] to see the large version, which makes every state perfectly clear.

Very few, if any, of the shapes used are stereotypes of the state; they are merely objects that look like the state. Some of the objects are those which the states are widely known to resemble. For example, Michigan is represented by a mitten or glove, and a pot with handle takes the place of Oklahoma (with the panhandle region of the state filled with a literal handle). Others, however, are more creative. Few would have likely pictured Texas as a dog or Alaska as a bear with a jet pack and laser gun. There are several incredibly simple objects filling some states. Kentucky is filled by a cloud, which conceivably could have been used for any state, and Wyoming, one of the nearly rectangular states, is simply an envelope. There are three pairs of states that are related. Georgia and Missouri each contain an image of the other, drawing attention to their similar shapes, North and South Dakota are the top and bottom halves of an amp, and Alabama and Mississippi are {{w|moai}} facing in opposite directions.)

Colorado contains what looks like a Wikipedia article. A close-up of the fake article is provided [http://xkcd.com/1079/colorado/]. The following references are made in the Colorado article:

*The pronunciation is not that for Colorado, but for {{w|Eyjafjallajökull}}, a volcano in Iceland that erupted in April 2010.
*The way it has a demilitarized zone towards Wyoming resembles {{W|North Korea}} and {{W|South Korea}}.
*Eleven dimensions refers to {{w|string theory}}.
*A {{w|wormhole}} is a theoretical relative of the {{w|black hole}}. This is a reference to the television series {{w|Stargate SG-1}} where a device capable of creating wormholes is located in the {{w|Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker}} in Colorado.
*A {{w|Horcrux}} is a type of magical object in the world of {{W|Harry Potter}}.
*The radiation zones around Longmont are caused by {{w|Radioactive contamination from the Rocky Flats Plant|radioactive contamination from the Rocky Flats Plant}}.
*The fake motto ''Si parare possis, vivere septem'' can be roughly translated as "With preparation, survival is possible for over a week."

New Mexico according to Randall's transcript is "A liquid container labeled for something of unusual and silly danger". The labeling is upside down and it refers to the nuclear testing facility White Sands Missile Range located in New Mexico for the nuclear bomb.
:This end up
:Property of White Sands Missile Range
:??? [A hazardous materials square]
:Contains White Sand
:FLAMMABLE
:Warning:
:This product contains chemicals known
:only to the state of Nevada.
:Contents under pressure from parents
:If swallowed, induce labor
:56 fluid ounces
:and 14 other ounces

The title text makes fun of Florida which is sometimes called "The penis of America". Obviously, this penis is somewhat flaccid (not erect). The use of the word "state" is a pun, as it means some particular condition (flaccid state) as well as a political entity (The State of Florida).

==Transcript==
:The '''United Shapes'''
:A map of things states are shaped like
:[Each state has some item wedged to stay inside its borders]

{|class=wikitable
!Official transcript!!Comments
|-
|Alabama: A moai head facing east.||{{w|Moai}} are Easter Island stone statues
|-
|Alaska: A teddy bear with a jetpack and a ray gun||
|-
|Arizona: A refrigerated shelf containing milk, bread, and pastries.||
|-
|Arkansas: A measuring cup.||
|-
|California: A vacuum.||An old-fashioned upright vacuum cleaner (lying down to the right), green with a yellow bag.
|-
|Colorado: The wiki article on Colorado.||A fake Wikipedia article on Colorado. Below the text as seen in the provided close up:
:[web address:]
::en.wikipedia.org/wiki/colorado
:[Headers]
::Wikipedia
::Article Talk
::Colorado
:[Main article {note that Randall forgot the closing parentheses ')' after the pronunciation}]
::Colorado (Pronounced [ˈeːijaˌfjatlaˌjœːkʏtl̥] is a US State encompassing portions of the Rocky
::Mountains and the Great Plains. The region has been inhabited since at least 11,000 BCE, and
::some archaeological evidence suggest the state – with roughly its current borders – has literally
::always existed. Colorado is separated from Wyoming by a 28-mile demilitarized zone, and
::has at times exercised substantial regional
::power via the installation of puppet governments
::in neighboring states
::Geographically, Colorado is eleven-dimensional,
::though seven of those dimensions are tightly
::compacted and difficult to detect in most areas
::of the state. Colorado is home to the nation's
::oldest continually-operated wormhole and two
::of President Lincoln's horcruxes.
::The wildlife in Colorado is commonly characterized
::as "erratic", particularly in the radiation zones
::around Longmont. The State's timber wolf
::population is largely bipedal; the Park Service
::has expressed "concern" at their attempts to enroll in
:[Fact box with correct State flag and emblem and fake motto:]
::State of Colorado
::Motto:
::"Si parare possis, vivere septem."
::(With preparation, survival is
::possible for over a week.)
|-
|Connecticut: A train conductor's hat.||
|-
|Delaware: A meerkat.||
|-
|Florida: An eggplant.||
|-
|Georgia: Missouri.||The outline of the state of Missouri, with the {{w|Gateway Arch}} in St. Louis.
|-
|Hawaii: A snowball.||
|-
|Idaho: A garden gnome, sitting down.||
|-
|Illinois: A gangster with a guitar case, upside down.||
|-
|Indiana: The brush of a paintbrush.||
|-
|Iowa: A tomato, lettuce, cold cut and cheese sandwich.||
|-
|Kansas: A stand-up piano.||
|-
|Kentucky: A cloud.||
|-
|Louisiana: A boot with some gum stuck to the bottom of it.||
|-
|Maine: A Vulcan salute.||
|-
|Maryland: A wolf howling to the moon, upside down.||
|-
|Massachusetts: An elephant, being ridden by a man, carrying tea.||
|-
|Michigan: A mitten for the lower portion, an eagle for the U{{w|Upper Peninsula of Michigan}}.||
|-
|Minnesota: $160 in $20 USD bills.||
|-
|Mississippi: A moai head facing west.||
|-
|Missouri: Georgia.||The outline of the state of Georgia, with a pair of {{w|Georgia Peach|Georgia peaches}}.
|-
|Montana: One half of a muffin.||
|-
|Nebraska: A blue VW type 2 with mattresses sticking out the back.||
|-
|Nevada: A clothes iron.||
|-
|New Hampshire: A tall brick factory building.||
|-
|New Jersey: A bent-over old person.||
|-
|New Mexico: A liquid container labeled for something of unusual and silly danger.||A yellow liquid container with upside-down labeling.
::This end up!!
::Property of White Sands Missile Range
::Contains White Sand
:[Written inside a hazardous-materials diamond with the ? very large, and the three '4' in the three top part of a diamond shape divided in four these three sections being blue, red, yellow. The lower part has a radioactive sign on the same grey background as the large rectangle.]
::??? 4 4 4
::Flammable
::Warning
::This product contains chemicals known
::Only to the Sate of Nevada.
::Contents under pressure from rich parents
::If swallowed, induce labor
::56 fluid ounces
::and 14 other ounces
|-
|New York: A hybrid transmission with standard manual-style gears and a torque converter sliced in half.||
|-
|North Carolina: A bouquet of flowers.||
|-
|North Dakota: The top half of an amp.||
|-
|Ohio: Underwear (Briefs).||
|-
|Oklahoma: A covered pot, dripping with boil-over.||
|-
|Oregon: A locomotive.||
|-
|Pennsylvania: A very thick book with a bookmark.||
|-
|Rhode Island: The bow half of a boat's hull.||
|-
|South Carolina: A slice of pizza.||
|-
|South Dakota: The bottom half of an amp.||
|-
|Tennessee: A number of children's books, placed in a slightly askew pile.||
|-
|Texas: A dog sitting in a bowl.||
|-
|Utah: An oven.||
|-
|Vermont: A microscope, upside down.||
|-
|Virginia: A {{w|stegosaurus}}.||
|-
|Washington: A whale.||
|-
|West Virginia: A {{w|frog}}.||
|-
|Wisconsin: A skull.||
|-
|Wyoming: An envelope.||The back side of a white envelope, sealed with red wax, with a black heart next to a signature (lower left corner).
|}

{{comic discussion}}
[[Category:Large drawings]]
[[Category:Comics with color]]
[[Category:Puns]]

1079: United Shapes

2015-08-05T06:31:14Z

Oiyarbepsy: /* Transcript */ Correct the errors properly - also, Alaska is not Winnie the Pooh

{{comic
| number = 1079
| date = July 9, 2012
| title = United Shapes
| image = united_shapes.png
| imagesize = 800px
| titletext = That eggplant is in something of a flaccid state.
}}
The large version is here: [http://xkcd.com/1079/large/ http://xkcd.com/1079/large/]
==Explanation==
In this comic, each state of the United States of America has been filled-in with an object of similar shape. Due to the size range of the states, some states are too small to clearly make-out in the normal size image. Click [http://xkcd.com/1079/large/ here] to see the large version, which makes every state perfectly clear.

Very few, if any, of the shapes used are stereotypes of the state; they are merely objects that look like the state. Some of the objects are those which the states are widely known to resemble. For example, Michigan is represented by a mitten or glove, and a pot with handle takes the place of Oklahoma (with the panhandle region of the state filled with a literal handle). Others, however, are more creative. Few would have likely pictured Texas as a dog or Alaska as a bear with a jet pack and laser gun. There are several incredibly simple objects filling some states. Kentucky is filled by a cloud, which conceivably could have been used for any state, and Wyoming, one of the nearly rectangular states, is simply an envelope. There are three pairs of states that are related. Georgia and Missouri each contain an image of the other, drawing attention to their similar shapes, North and South Dakota are the top and bottom halves of an amp, and Alabama and Mississippi are {{w|moai}} facing in opposite directions.)

Colorado contains what looks like a Wikipedia article. A close-up of the fake article is provided [http://xkcd.com/1079/colorado/]. The following references are made in the Colorado article:

*The pronunciation is not that for Colorado, but for {{w|Eyjafjallajökull}}, a volcano in Iceland that erupted in April 2010.
*The way it has a demilitarized zone towards Wyoming resembles {{W|North Korea}} and {{W|South Korea}}.
*Eleven dimensions refers to {{w|string theory}}.
*A {{w|wormhole}} is a theoretical relative of the {{w|black hole}}. This is a reference to the television series {{w|Stargate SG-1}} where a device capable of creating wormholes is located in the {{w|Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker}} in Colorado.
*A {{w|Horcrux}} is a type of magical object in the world of {{W|Harry Potter}}.
*The radiation zones around Longmont are caused by {{w|Radioactive contamination from the Rocky Flats Plant|radioactive contamination from the Rocky Flats Plant}}.
*The fake motto ''Si parare possis, vivere septem'' can be roughly translated as "If you can prepare you can live seven".

New Mexico according to Randall's transcript is "A liquid container labeled for something of unusual and silly danger". The labeling is upside down and it refers to the nuclear testing facility White Sands Missile Range located in New Mexico for the nuclear bomb.
:This end up
:Property of White Sands Missile Range
:??? [A hazardous materials square]
:Contains White Sand
:FLAMMABLE
:Warning:
:This product contains chemicals known
:only to the state of Nevada.
:Contents under pressure from parents
:If swallowed, induce labor
:56 fluid ounces
:and 14 other ounces

The title text makes fun of Florida which is sometimes called "The penis of America". Obviously, this penis is somewhat flaccid (not erect). The use of the word "state" is a pun, as it means some particular condition (flaccid state) as well as a political entity (The State of Florida).

==Transcript==
:The '''United Shapes'''
:A map of things states are shaped like
:[Each state has some item wedged to stay inside its borders]

{|class=wikitable
!Official transcript!!Comments
|-
|Alabama: A moai head facing east.||{{w|Moai}} are Easter Island stone statues
|-
|Alaska: A teddy bear with a jetpack and a ray gun||
|-
|Arizona: A refrigerated shelf containing milk, bread, and pastries.||
|-
|Arkansas: A measuring cup.||
|-
|California: A vacuum.||An old-fashioned upright vacuum cleaner (lying down to the right), green with a yellow bag.
|-
|Colorado: The wiki article on Colorado.||A fake Wikipedia article on Colorado. Below the text as seen in the provided close up:
:[web address:]
::en.wikipedia.org/wiki/colorado
:[Headers]
::Wikipedia
::Article Talk
::Colorado
:[Main article {note that Randall forgot the closing parentheses ')' after the pronunciation}]
::Colorado (Pronounced [ˈeːijaˌfjatlaˌjœːkʏtl̥] is a US State encompassing portions of the Rocky
::Mountains and the Great Plains. The region has been inhabited since at least 11,000 BCE, and
::some archaeological evidence suggest the state – with roughly its current borders – has literally
::always existed. Colorado is separated from Wyoming by a 28-mile demilitarized zone, and
::has at times exercised substantial regional
::power via the installation of puppet governments
::in neighboring states
::Geographically, Colorado is eleven-dimensional,
::though seven of those dimensions are tightly
::compacted and difficult to detect in most areas
::of the state. Colorado is home to the nation's
::oldest continually-operated wormhole and two
::of President Lincoln's horcruxes.
::The wildlife in Colorado is commonly characterized
::as "erratic", particularly in the radiation zones
::around Longmont. The State's timber wolf
::population is largely bipedal; the Park Service
::has expressed "concern" at their attempts to enroll in
:[Fact box with correct State flag and emblem and fake motto:]
::State of Colorado
::Motto:
::"Si parare possis, vivere septem."
::(With preparation, survival is
::possible for over a week.)
|-
|Connecticut: A train conductor's hat.||
|-
|Delaware: A meerkat.||
|-
|Florida: An eggplant.||
|-
|Georgia: Missouri.||The outline of the state of Missouri, with the {{w|Gateway Arch}} in St. Louis.
|-
|Hawaii: A snowball.||
|-
|Idaho: A garden gnome, sitting down.||
|-
|Illinois: A gangster with a guitar case, upside down.||
|-
|Indiana: The brush of a paintbrush.||
|-
|Iowa: A tomato, lettuce, cold cut and cheese sandwich.||
|-
|Kansas: A stand-up piano.||
|-
|Kentucky: A cloud.||
|-
|Louisiana: A boot with some gum stuck to the bottom of it.||
|-
|Maine: A Vulcan salute.||
|-
|Maryland: A wolf howling to the moon, upside down.||
|-
|Massachusetts: An elephant, being ridden by a man, carrying tea.||
|-
|Michigan: A mitten for the lower portion, an eagle for the U{{w|Upper Peninsula of Michigan}}.||
|-
|Minnesota: $160 in $20 USD bills.||
|-
|Mississippi: A moai head facing west.||
|-
|Missouri: Georgia.||The outline of the state of Georgia, with a pair of {{w|Georgia Peach|Georgia peaches}}.
|-
|Montana: One half of a muffin.||
|-
|Nebraska: A blue VW type 2 with mattresses sticking out the back.||
|-
|Nevada: A clothes iron.||
|-
|New Hampshire: A tall brick factory building.||
|-
|New Jersey: A bent-over old person.||
|-
|New Mexico: A liquid container labeled for something of unusual and silly danger.||A yellow liquid container with upside-down labeling.
::This end up!!
::Property of White Sands Missile Range
::Contains White Sand
:[Written inside a hazardous-materials diamond with the ? very large, and the three '4' in the three top part of a diamond shape divided in four these three sections being blue, red, yellow. The lower part has a radioactive sign on the same grey background as the large rectangle.]
::??? 4 4 4
::Flammable
::Warning
::This product contains chemicals known
::Only to the Sate of Nevada.
::Contents under pressure from rich parents
::If swallowed, induce labor
::56 fluid ounces
::and 14 other ounces
|-
|New York: A hybrid transmission with standard manual-style gears and a torque converter sliced in half.||
|-
|North Carolina: A bouquet of flowers.||
|-
|North Dakota: The top half of an amp.||
|-
|Ohio: Underwear (Briefs).||
|-
|Oklahoma: A covered pot, dripping with boil-over.||
|-
|Oregon: A locomotive.||
|-
|Pennsylvania: A very thick book with a bookmark.||
|-
|Rhode Island: The bow half of a boat's hull.||
|-
|South Carolina: A slice of pizza.||
|-
|South Dakota: The bottom half of an amp.||
|-
|Tennessee: A number of children's books, placed in a slightly askew pile.||
|-
|Texas: A dog sitting in a bowl.||
|-
|Utah: An oven.||
|-
|Vermont: A microscope, upside down.||
|-
|Virginia: A {{w|stegosaurus}}.||
|-
|Washington: A whale.||
|-
|West Virginia: A {{w|frog}}.||
|-
|Wisconsin: A skull.||
|-
|Wyoming: An envelope.||The back side of a white envelope, sealed with red wax, with a black heart next to a signature (lower left corner).
|}

{{comic discussion}}
[[Category:Large drawings]]
[[Category:Comics with color]]
[[Category:Puns]]

1079: United Shapes

2015-08-05T06:27:50Z

Oiyarbepsy: /* Explanation */ some cleanup

{{comic
| number = 1079
| date = July 9, 2012
| title = United Shapes
| image = united_shapes.png
| imagesize = 800px
| titletext = That eggplant is in something of a flaccid state.
}}
The large version is here: [http://xkcd.com/1079/large/ http://xkcd.com/1079/large/]
==Explanation==
In this comic, each state of the United States of America has been filled-in with an object of similar shape. Due to the size range of the states, some states are too small to clearly make-out in the normal size image. Click [http://xkcd.com/1079/large/ here] to see the large version, which makes every state perfectly clear.

Very few, if any, of the shapes used are stereotypes of the state; they are merely objects that look like the state. Some of the objects are those which the states are widely known to resemble. For example, Michigan is represented by a mitten or glove, and a pot with handle takes the place of Oklahoma (with the panhandle region of the state filled with a literal handle). Others, however, are more creative. Few would have likely pictured Texas as a dog or Alaska as a bear with a jet pack and laser gun. There are several incredibly simple objects filling some states. Kentucky is filled by a cloud, which conceivably could have been used for any state, and Wyoming, one of the nearly rectangular states, is simply an envelope. There are three pairs of states that are related. Georgia and Missouri each contain an image of the other, drawing attention to their similar shapes, North and South Dakota are the top and bottom halves of an amp, and Alabama and Mississippi are {{w|moai}} facing in opposite directions.)

Colorado contains what looks like a Wikipedia article. A close-up of the fake article is provided [http://xkcd.com/1079/colorado/]. The following references are made in the Colorado article:

*The pronunciation is not that for Colorado, but for {{w|Eyjafjallajökull}}, a volcano in Iceland that erupted in April 2010.
*The way it has a demilitarized zone towards Wyoming resembles {{W|North Korea}} and {{W|South Korea}}.
*Eleven dimensions refers to {{w|string theory}}.
*A {{w|wormhole}} is a theoretical relative of the {{w|black hole}}. This is a reference to the television series {{w|Stargate SG-1}} where a device capable of creating wormholes is located in the {{w|Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker}} in Colorado.
*A {{w|Horcrux}} is a type of magical object in the world of {{W|Harry Potter}}.
*The radiation zones around Longmont are caused by {{w|Radioactive contamination from the Rocky Flats Plant|radioactive contamination from the Rocky Flats Plant}}.
*The fake motto ''Si parare possis, vivere septem'' can be roughly translated as "If you can prepare you can live seven".

New Mexico according to Randall's transcript is "A liquid container labeled for something of unusual and silly danger". The labeling is upside down and it refers to the nuclear testing facility White Sands Missile Range located in New Mexico for the nuclear bomb.
:This end up
:Property of White Sands Missile Range
:??? [A hazardous materials square]
:Contains White Sand
:FLAMMABLE
:Warning:
:This product contains chemicals known
:only to the state of Nevada.
:Contents under pressure from parents
:If swallowed, induce labor
:56 fluid ounces
:and 14 other ounces

The title text makes fun of Florida which is sometimes called "The penis of America". Obviously, this penis is somewhat flaccid (not erect). The use of the word "state" is a pun, as it means some particular condition (flaccid state) as well as a political entity (The State of Florida).

==Transcript==
:The '''United Shapes'''
:A map of things states are shaped like
:[Each state has some item wedged to stay inside its borders]

{|class=wikitable
!Official transcript!!Comments
|-
|Alabama: A moai head facing east.||{{w|Moai}} are Easter Island stone statues
|-
|Alaska: Winne the Pooh with a jetpack and a ray gun||There is a typo. It's {{w|Winnie the Pooh}}.
|-
|Arizona: A refrigerated shelf containing milk, bread, and pastries.||
|-
|Arkansas: A measuring cup.||
|-
|California: A vacuum.||An old-fashioned upright vacuum cleaner (lying down to the right), green with a yellow bag.
|-
|Colorado: The wiki article on Colorado.||A fake Wikipedia article on Colorado. Below the text as seen in the provided close up:
:[web address:]
::en.wikipedia.org/wiki/colorado
:[Headers]
::Wikipedia
::Article Talk
::Colorado
:[Main article {note that Randall forgot the closing parentheses ')' after the pronunciation}]
::Colorado (Pronounced [ˈeːijaˌfjatlaˌjœːkʏtl̥] is a US State encompassing portions of the Rocky
::Mountains and the Great Plains. The region has been inhabited since at least 11,000 BCE, and
::some archaeological evidence suggest the state – with roughly its current borders – has literally
::always existed. Colorado is separated from Wyoming by a 28-mile demilitarized zone, and
::has at times exercised substantial regional
::power via the installation of puppet governments
::in neighboring states
::Geographically, Colorado is eleven-dimensional,
::though seven of those dimensions are tightly
::compacted and difficult to detect in most areas
::of the state. Colorado is home to the nation's
::oldest continually-operated wormhole and two
::of President Lincoln's horcruxes.
::The wildlife in Colorado is commonly characterized
::as "erratic", particularly in the radiation zones
::around Longmont. The State's timber wolf
::population is largely bipedal; the Park Service
::has expressed "concern" at their attempts to enroll in
:[Fact box with correct State flag and emblem and fake motto:]
::State of Colorado
::Motto:
::"Si parare possis, vivere septem."
::(With preparation, survival is
::possible for over a week.)
|-
|Connecticut: A train conductor's hat.||
|-
|Delaware: A meerkat.||
|-
|Florida: An eggplant.||
|-
|Georgia: Missouri.||The outline of the state of Missouri, with the {{w|Gateway Arch}} in St. Louis.
|-
|Hawaii: A snowball.||
|-
|Idaho: A garden gnome, sitting down.||
|-
|Illinois: A gangster with a guitar case, upside down.||
|-
|Indiana: The brush of a paintbrush.||
|-
|Iowa: A tomato, lettuce, cold cut and cheese sandwich.||
|-
|Kansas: A stand-up piano.||
|-
|Kentucky: A cloud.||
|-
|Louisiana: A boot with some gum stuck to the bottom of it.||
|-
|Maine: A Vulcan salute.||
|-
|Maryland: A wolf howling to the moon, upside down.||
|-
|Massachusetts: An elephant, being ridden by a man, carrying tea.||
|-
|Michigan: A mitten for the lower portion, an eagle for the UP.||UP is the {{w|Upper Peninsula of Michigan}}.
|-
|Minnesota: $160 in $20 USD bills.||
|-
|Mississippi: A moai head facing west.||
|-
|Missouri: Georgia.||The outline of the state of Georgia, with a pair of {{w|Georgia Peach|Georgia peaches}}.
|-
|Montana: One half of a muffin.||
|-
|Nebraska: A blue VW type 2 with mattresses sticking out the back.||
|-
|Nevada: A clothes iron.||
|-
|New Hampshire: A tall brick factory building.||
|-
|New Jersey: A bent-over old person.||
|-
|New Mexico: A liquid container labeled for something of unusual and silly danger.||A yellow liquid container with upside-down labeling.
::This end up!!
::Property of White Sands Missile Range
::Contains White Sand
:[Written inside a hazardous-materials diamond with the ? very large, and the three '4' in the three top part of a diamond shape divided in four these three sections being blue, red, yellow. The lower part has a radioactive sign on the same grey background as the large rectangle.]
::??? 4 4 4
::Flammable
::Warning
::This product contains chemicals known
::Only to the Sate of Nevada.
::Contents under pressure from rich parents
::If swallowed, induce labor
::56 fluid ounces
::and 14 other ounces
|-
|New York: A hybrid transmission with standard manual-style gears and a torque converter sliced in half.||
|-
|North Carolina: A bouquet of flowers.||
|-
|North Dakota: The top half of an amp.||
|-
|Ohio: Underwear (Briefs).||
|-
|Oklahoma: A covered pot, dripping with boil-over.||
|-
|Oregon: A locomotive.||
|-
|Pennsylvania: A very thick book with a bookmark.||
|-
|Rhode Island: The bow half of a boat's hull.||
|-
|South Carolina: A slice of pizza.||
|-
|South Dakota: The bottom half of an amp.||
|-
|Tennessee: A number of childrens' books, placed in a slightly askew pile.||There is a typo, and it should read "children's".
|-
|Texas: A dog sitting in a bowl.||
|-
|Utah: An oven.||
|-
|Vermont: A microscope, upside down.||
|-
|Virginia: A frog.||It's a {{w|stegosaurus}}.
|-
|Washington: A whale.||
|-
|West Virginia: A stegosaurid.||It's a frog.
|-
|Wisconsin: A skull.||
|-
|Wyoming: An envelope.||The back side of a white, sealed with red wax, with a black heart next to a signature (lower left corner).
|}

{{comic discussion}}
[[Category:Large drawings]]
[[Category:Comics with color]]
[[Category:Puns]]