2853: Redshift - Revision history

172.69.79.139: Undo revision 353333 by 172.68.210.113 (talk) I'ma gonna assume this was vandalism, due to changing the header-date. Not checked, but possibly it was a revert to prior versions.

2024-10-20T09:48:25Z

Undo revision 353333 by 172.68.210.113 (talk) I'ma gonna assume this was vandalism, due to changing the header-date. Not checked, but possibly it was a revert to prior versions.

172.68.210.113 at 06:01, 20 October 2024

2024-10-20T06:01:57Z

172.70.90.144: Undo revision 346868 by 172.70.206.241 (talk) Not meant to be consistent, but four different examples. (And any linked timescales, like that, will go out-of-date, need changing again!)

2024-07-22T10:55:59Z

Undo revision 346868 by 172.70.206.241 (talk) Not meant to be consistent, but four different examples. (And any linked timescales, like that, will go out-of-date, need changing again!)

172.70.206.241: /* Explanation */ example consistency

2024-07-22T10:07:04Z

‎Explanation: example consistency

SomeoneIGuess: Safe to assume as complete

2023-11-29T16:37:04Z

Safe to assume as complete

Laser813 at 16:46, 20 November 2023

2023-11-20T16:46:26Z

Laser813 at 16:54, 15 November 2023

2023-11-15T16:54:59Z

Laser813 at 16:54, 15 November 2023

2023-11-15T16:54:50Z

Laser813 at 16:51, 15 November 2023

2023-11-15T16:51:10Z

172.71.242.114: /* Explanation */ Given you wouldn't have been a kid in college (only in the goat farm), aligning year and years-ago is unnecessary and potentially confusing. Changing values further.

2023-11-14T23:53:29Z

‎Explanation: Given you wouldn't have been a kid in college (only in the goat farm), aligning year and years-ago is unnecessary and potentially confusing. Changing values further.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{comic
 | number    = 2853
-| date      = November 10, 2024
+| date      = November 10, 2023
 | title     = Redshift
 | image     = redshift_2x.png
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 ==Explanation==
-{{incomplete|Created by a SHIFTY RED MATTER BALL - Please change this comment when editing this page. Do NOT delete this tag too soon.}}
+In this comic, [[Ponytail]] is using cosmological terms to answer that she first got interested in early universe cosmology 5.4 years ago, to which [[Cueball]] asks (in the title text) whether she has plans five and a half hours later. One interpretation is that these are two colleagues out for lunch, and Cueball likes her nerdy answer so much he wants to ask her out for a dinner date after work.
-In this comic, Ponytail is using cosmological terms to answer that she first got interested in early universe cosmology "sometime around 5 and a half years ago," to which Cueball replies in an equally nerdy way in the Title Text, essentially, "so you do have any plans this evening?"
+[[File:time by redshift.png|thumb|Redshift indicates how far in the past distant astronomical objects were as we observe them now.]]
-In {{w|cosmology}}, {{w|redshift}} refers to the way that light from distant objects in the universe is stretched out, making it appear more red than it would otherwise. This occurs because the universe is expanding, and as a result, light waves are stretched as they travel through space. The {{w|Redshift#Redshift formulae|"z" value}} is a dimensionless measure of the redshift. A higher "z" value, or redshift, corresponds to earlier times in the history of the universe. This is because as the universe expands, light from distant galaxies is stretched to longer, redder wavelengths as it travels towards us. The further away a galaxy is, the longer its light has been traveling, and thus the more the universe has expanded since that light began its journey. Therefore, a higher redshift indicates a galaxy that is further away and that the light we see from it left when the universe was younger. Conversely, a lower redshift means the light has traveled a shorter distance and time, indicating a more recent epoch in the history of the universe. Negative values of "z" indicate a blueshift, which indicate objects that are approaching the observer, generally used in cosmological work to calculate rotation speeds of nearby objects.
+In {{w|observational cosmology}}, a field of astronomy, {{w|redshift}} refers to the way that light from distant objects in the universe is stretched out, making it appear more red than it would otherwise. This occurs because the universe is expanding, and as a result, light waves are stretched as they travel through space. The {{w|Redshift#Redshift formulae|"z" value}} is a dimensionless measure of the redshift: the observed wavelength minus the expected wavelength, divided by the expected wavelength. A higher "z" value, or redshift, corresponds to earlier times in the history of the universe. This is because as the universe expands, light from distant galaxies is stretched to longer, redder wavelengths as it travels towards us. The further away a galaxy is, the longer its light has been traveling, and thus the more the universe has expanded since that light began its journey. Therefore, a higher redshift indicates a galaxy that is further away and that the light we see from it left when the universe was younger. Conversely, a lower redshift means the light has traveled a shorter distance and time, indicating a more recent epoch in the history of the universe. Negative values of "z" indicate a blueshift, which indicate objects that are approaching the observer, generally used in cosmological work to calculate rotation speeds of closer objects.
-The joke here is that Cueball is asking Ponytail when she became interested in cosmology, and instead of giving a conventionally referenced timing, such as "in college"/"as a kid"/"in 2012"/"seven years ago", she responds with a redshift value "z=0.00000000038". This very small number corresponds to a very recent event compared to the start of the universe; indeed, well within a cosmologist's lifetime, though it might take a cosmologist's rather specific knowledge to understand this and work it out. The negative blueshift question in the title text is a playful way of similarly asking about a future event, as the speakers are getting closer to it, and would indicate (if it is Cueball again asking the question) that they both understand each other very well. As an absolute value of z is 10^4 smaller, it indicates something much closer, in the future, than the past timing was in the past.
+The joke here is that Cueball is asking Ponytail when she became interested in cosmology, and instead of giving a conventionally referenced time (such as "in college", "as a kid", "in 2020" or "seventeen years ago", whatever may apply<!-- note to editors who are trying to be helpful: these are deliberately separate examples using different benchmarks. i.e. whilst at college OR as a kid OR in 2020 OR 17 years ago; and if you try to make "2020"=="17 years ago" by changing either/both sides, then after another year it'd just need adjusting again, right? -->), she responds with a redshift value "z=0.00000000038". This very small number corresponds to a very recent event compared to the start of the universe; well within a human lifetime, though it might take a cosmologist's specific knowledge to understand this and work out the interval's value. The negative blueshift question in the title text is a playful way of similarly asking about a future event. As the absolute value of the negative z is about ten thousand times smaller, it indicates a much closer event in the future.
-Assuming a particular cosmology, and in particular values for the Hubble constant (H<sub>0</sub>) and the curvature of the universe, it is possible to specify a particular look-back time. For z = 0.00000000038, and a flat Lambda CDM cosmology, with H<sub>0</sub> = 69.32 km / Mpc / s (a reasonable medium between {{w|Hubble's law#Hubble tension|the disparate "crisis in cosmology" values for the Hubble parameter}}), a value of Ω<sub>0</sub> of 0.2865, a cosmic background temperature of 2.725 K, the look-back time is of around 1960 days, or five and a half years, which could suggest that Ponytail started studying cosmology as part of a Ph.D. program.
+[[File:LookBackFromRedshiftEqns.png|thumb|right|Calculation of look-back time is based on redshift, the {{w|Hubble parameter}} H<sub>0</sub>, and the {{w|Lambda-CDM model#Parameters|cosmological parameter}}s for mass Ω<sub>m</sub> and {{w|dark energy}} Ω<sub>Λ</sub>. The [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Wade-5/publication/302632920/figure/fig2/AS:751645805789184@1556217733527/Then-a-Miracle-Occurs-Copyrighted-artwork-by-Sydney-Harris-Inc-All-materials-used-with_W640.jpg suprisingly extant] closed-form solution of the integral includes the special Gaussian {{w|hypergeometric function}} <sub>2</sub>''F''<sub>1</sub>.]]
-Negative numbers of z, such as in the title text, would indicate a "look-forward" time, or a time in the future, and the same model indicates that z = -0.000000000000045 corresponds to about 5.5 hours in the future. In the context of two apparently well-matched cosmologists getting to know each other with 'smalltalk' (of a kind; certainly with very small ''numbers''!) this probably equates to asking "So, what are you thinking of doing later tonight?", after this meal (possibly a first date, if not a blind one) and perhaps some other entertainment. Or even just "Your place or mine?"... The implication is that Cuball was so impressed with her nerdy answer that he immediately wanted to start planning the evening with her.
+Assuming a given cosmology, its {{w|Shape of the universe|curvature}}, and a value for the {{w|Hubble's law#Interpretation|Hubble parameter}} H<sub>0</sub> (also called the Hubble constant), it is possible to derive a specific look-back time for any given redshift value. For z=0.00000000038, a flat {{w|Lambda-CDM model|Lambda-CDM cosmological model}} with H<sub>0</sub> = 69.32 km / Mpc / s (a reasonable medium between {{w|Hubble's law#Hubble tension|the disparate "crisis in cosmology" values for the Hubble parameter}}), a value of Ω<sub>0</sub> of 0.2865, and a cosmic background temperature of 2.725 K, the look-back time is about 1960 days, or 5.4 years, which could suggest that Ponytail started studying cosmology as part of a Ph.D. program. Negative numbers of z, such as in the title text, would indicate a "look-forward" time, or a time in the future, and the same model indicates that z=-0.000000000000045 corresponds to 5.5 hours in the future. So Cueball is likely asking something like "What are you thinking of doing (later) this evening?"
-The use of non-standard units of measurement has also been seen in [[2707: Astronomy Numbers]], with (higher) redshift values previously visited as a part of [[2764: Cosmological Nostalgia Content]]. Redshift and blueshift have been mentioned before in [[1852: Election Map]]
+The use of non-standard units of measurement has also been seen in [[2707: Astronomy Numbers]], with much larger typical redshift values previously included in [[2764: Cosmological Nostalgia Content]]. Redshift and blueshift have also been mentioned before in [[1852: Election Map]].
 ==Transcript==
-{{incomplete transcript|Do NOT delete this tag too soon.}}
+:[Cueball and Ponytail are sitting at a table, eating from plates in front of them, Cueball using both hands with cutlery, Ponytail only holding cutlery in one hand, the other hand lying on her lap. Each has a wine glass standing on the table between the plates.]
 :Cueball: So, when did you first get interested in early universe cosmology?
 :Ponytail: Sometime around z=0.00000000038.
 {{comic discussion}}
 [[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]
 [[Category:Comics featuring Ponytail]]
 [[Category:Cosmology]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{comic
 | number    = 2853
-| date      = November 10, 2023
+| date      = November 10, 2024
 | title     = Redshift
 | image     = redshift_2x.png
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 ==Explanation==
-In this comic, [[Ponytail]] is using cosmological terms to answer that she first got interested in early universe cosmology 5.4 years ago, to which [[Cueball]] asks (in the title text) whether she has plans five and a half hours later. One interpretation is that these are two colleagues out for lunch, and Cueball likes her nerdy answer so much he wants to ask her out for a dinner date after work.
+{{incomplete|Created by a SHIFTY RED MATTER BALL - Please change this comment when editing this page. Do NOT delete this tag too soon.}}
-[[File:time by redshift.png|thumb|Redshift indicates how far in the past distant astronomical objects were as we observe them now.]]
+In this comic, Ponytail is using cosmological terms to answer that she first got interested in early universe cosmology "sometime around 5 and a half years ago," to which Cueball replies in an equally nerdy way in the Title Text, essentially, "so you do have any plans this evening?"
-In {{w|observational cosmology}}, a field of astronomy, {{w|redshift}} refers to the way that light from distant objects in the universe is stretched out, making it appear more red than it would otherwise. This occurs because the universe is expanding, and as a result, light waves are stretched as they travel through space. The {{w|Redshift#Redshift formulae|"z" value}} is a dimensionless measure of the redshift: the observed wavelength minus the expected wavelength, divided by the expected wavelength. A higher "z" value, or redshift, corresponds to earlier times in the history of the universe. This is because as the universe expands, light from distant galaxies is stretched to longer, redder wavelengths as it travels towards us. The further away a galaxy is, the longer its light has been traveling, and thus the more the universe has expanded since that light began its journey. Therefore, a higher redshift indicates a galaxy that is further away and that the light we see from it left when the universe was younger. Conversely, a lower redshift means the light has traveled a shorter distance and time, indicating a more recent epoch in the history of the universe. Negative values of "z" indicate a blueshift, which indicate objects that are approaching the observer, generally used in cosmological work to calculate rotation speeds of closer objects.
+In {{w|cosmology}}, {{w|redshift}} refers to the way that light from distant objects in the universe is stretched out, making it appear more red than it would otherwise. This occurs because the universe is expanding, and as a result, light waves are stretched as they travel through space. The {{w|Redshift#Redshift formulae|"z" value}} is a dimensionless measure of the redshift. A higher "z" value, or redshift, corresponds to earlier times in the history of the universe. This is because as the universe expands, light from distant galaxies is stretched to longer, redder wavelengths as it travels towards us. The further away a galaxy is, the longer its light has been traveling, and thus the more the universe has expanded since that light began its journey. Therefore, a higher redshift indicates a galaxy that is further away and that the light we see from it left when the universe was younger. Conversely, a lower redshift means the light has traveled a shorter distance and time, indicating a more recent epoch in the history of the universe. Negative values of "z" indicate a blueshift, which indicate objects that are approaching the observer, generally used in cosmological work to calculate rotation speeds of nearby objects.
-The joke here is that Cueball is asking Ponytail when she became interested in cosmology, and instead of giving a conventionally referenced time (such as "in college", "as a kid", "in 2020" or "seventeen years ago", whatever may apply<!-- note to editors who are trying to be helpful: these are deliberately separate examples using different benchmarks. i.e. whilst at college OR as a kid OR in 2020 OR 17 years ago; and if you try to make "2020"=="17 years ago" by changing either/both sides, then after another year it'd just need adjusting again, right? -->), she responds with a redshift value "z=0.00000000038". This very small number corresponds to a very recent event compared to the start of the universe; well within a human lifetime, though it might take a cosmologist's specific knowledge to understand this and work out the interval's value. The negative blueshift question in the title text is a playful way of similarly asking about a future event. As the absolute value of the negative z is about ten thousand times smaller, it indicates a much closer event in the future.
+The joke here is that Cueball is asking Ponytail when she became interested in cosmology, and instead of giving a conventionally referenced timing, such as "in college"/"as a kid"/"in 2012"/"seven years ago", she responds with a redshift value "z=0.00000000038". This very small number corresponds to a very recent event compared to the start of the universe; indeed, well within a cosmologist's lifetime, though it might take a cosmologist's rather specific knowledge to understand this and work it out. The negative blueshift question in the title text is a playful way of similarly asking about a future event, as the speakers are getting closer to it, and would indicate (if it is Cueball again asking the question) that they both understand each other very well. As an absolute value of z is 10^4 smaller, it indicates something much closer, in the future, than the past timing was in the past.
-[[File:LookBackFromRedshiftEqns.png|thumb|right|Calculation of look-back time is based on redshift, the {{w|Hubble parameter}} H<sub>0</sub>, and the {{w|Lambda-CDM model#Parameters|cosmological parameter}}s for mass Ω<sub>m</sub> and {{w|dark energy}} Ω<sub>Λ</sub>. The [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Wade-5/publication/302632920/figure/fig2/AS:751645805789184@1556217733527/Then-a-Miracle-Occurs-Copyrighted-artwork-by-Sydney-Harris-Inc-All-materials-used-with_W640.jpg suprisingly extant] closed-form solution of the integral includes the special Gaussian {{w|hypergeometric function}} <sub>2</sub>''F''<sub>1</sub>.]]
+Assuming a particular cosmology, and in particular values for the Hubble constant (H<sub>0</sub>) and the curvature of the universe, it is possible to specify a particular look-back time. For z = 0.00000000038, and a flat Lambda CDM cosmology, with H<sub>0</sub> = 69.32 km / Mpc / s (a reasonable medium between {{w|Hubble's law#Hubble tension|the disparate "crisis in cosmology" values for the Hubble parameter}}), a value of Ω<sub>0</sub> of 0.2865, a cosmic background temperature of 2.725 K, the look-back time is of around 1960 days, or five and a half years, which could suggest that Ponytail started studying cosmology as part of a Ph.D. program.
-Assuming a given cosmology, its {{w|Shape of the universe|curvature}}, and a value for the {{w|Hubble's law#Interpretation|Hubble parameter}} H<sub>0</sub> (also called the Hubble constant), it is possible to derive a specific look-back time for any given redshift value. For z=0.00000000038, a flat {{w|Lambda-CDM model|Lambda-CDM cosmological model}} with H<sub>0</sub> = 69.32 km / Mpc / s (a reasonable medium between {{w|Hubble's law#Hubble tension|the disparate "crisis in cosmology" values for the Hubble parameter}}), a value of Ω<sub>0</sub> of 0.2865, and a cosmic background temperature of 2.725 K, the look-back time is about 1960 days, or 5.4 years, which could suggest that Ponytail started studying cosmology as part of a Ph.D. program. Negative numbers of z, such as in the title text, would indicate a "look-forward" time, or a time in the future, and the same model indicates that z=-0.000000000000045 corresponds to 5.5 hours in the future. So Cueball is likely asking something like "What are you thinking of doing (later) this evening?"
+Negative numbers of z, such as in the title text, would indicate a "look-forward" time, or a time in the future, and the same model indicates that z = -0.000000000000045 corresponds to about 5.5 hours in the future. In the context of two apparently well-matched cosmologists getting to know each other with 'smalltalk' (of a kind; certainly with very small ''numbers''!) this probably equates to asking "So, what are you thinking of doing later tonight?", after this meal (possibly a first date, if not a blind one) and perhaps some other entertainment. Or even just "Your place or mine?"... The implication is that Cuball was so impressed with her nerdy answer that he immediately wanted to start planning the evening with her.
-The use of non-standard units of measurement has also been seen in [[2707: Astronomy Numbers]], with much larger typical redshift values previously included in [[2764: Cosmological Nostalgia Content]]. Redshift and blueshift have also been mentioned before in [[1852: Election Map]].
+The use of non-standard units of measurement has also been seen in [[2707: Astronomy Numbers]], with (higher) redshift values previously visited as a part of [[2764: Cosmological Nostalgia Content]]. Redshift and blueshift have been mentioned before in [[1852: Election Map]]
 ==Transcript==
-:[Cueball and Ponytail are sitting at a table, eating from plates in front of them, Cueball using both hands with cutlery, Ponytail only holding cutlery in one hand, the other hand lying on her lap. Each has a wine glass standing on the table between the plates.]
+{{incomplete transcript|Do NOT delete this tag too soon.}}
 :Cueball: So, when did you first get interested in early universe cosmology?
 :Ponytail: Sometime around z=0.00000000038.
 {{comic discussion}}
 [[Category:Comics featuring Cueball]]
 [[Category:Comics featuring Ponytail]]
 [[Category:Cosmology]]

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 In {{w|observational cosmology}}, a field of astronomy, {{w|redshift}} refers to the way that light from distant objects in the universe is stretched out, making it appear more red than it would otherwise. This occurs because the universe is expanding, and as a result, light waves are stretched as they travel through space. The {{w|Redshift#Redshift formulae|"z" value}} is a dimensionless measure of the redshift: the observed wavelength minus the expected wavelength, divided by the expected wavelength. A higher "z" value, or redshift, corresponds to earlier times in the history of the universe. This is because as the universe expands, light from distant galaxies is stretched to longer, redder wavelengths as it travels towards us. The further away a galaxy is, the longer its light has been traveling, and thus the more the universe has expanded since that light began its journey. Therefore, a higher redshift indicates a galaxy that is further away and that the light we see from it left when the universe was younger. Conversely, a lower redshift means the light has traveled a shorter distance and time, indicating a more recent epoch in the history of the universe. Negative values of "z" indicate a blueshift, which indicate objects that are approaching the observer, generally used in cosmological work to calculate rotation speeds of closer objects.
-The joke here is that Cueball is asking Ponytail when she became interested in cosmology, and instead of giving a conventionally referenced time (such as "in college", "as a kid", "in 2018" or "five and a half years ago", whatever may apply), she responds with a redshift value "z=0.00000000038". This very small number corresponds to a very recent event compared to the start of the universe; well within a human lifetime, though it might take a cosmologist's specific knowledge to understand this and work out the interval's value. The negative blueshift question in the title text is a playful way of similarly asking about a future event. As the absolute value of the negative z is about ten thousand times smaller, it indicates a much closer event in the future.
+The joke here is that Cueball is asking Ponytail when she became interested in cosmology, and instead of giving a conventionally referenced time (such as "in college", "as a kid", "in 2020" or "seventeen years ago", whatever may apply<!-- note to editors who are trying to be helpful: these are deliberately separate examples using different benchmarks. i.e. whilst at college OR as a kid OR in 2020 OR 17 years ago; and if you try to make "2020"=="17 years ago" by changing either/both sides, then after another year it'd just need adjusting again, right? -->), she responds with a redshift value "z=0.00000000038". This very small number corresponds to a very recent event compared to the start of the universe; well within a human lifetime, though it might take a cosmologist's specific knowledge to understand this and work out the interval's value. The negative blueshift question in the title text is a playful way of similarly asking about a future event. As the absolute value of the negative z is about ten thousand times smaller, it indicates a much closer event in the future.
 [[File:LookBackFromRedshiftEqns.png|thumb|right|Calculation of look-back time is based on redshift, the {{w|Hubble parameter}} H<sub>0</sub>, and the {{w|Lambda-CDM model#Parameters|cosmological parameter}}s for mass Ω<sub>m</sub> and {{w|dark energy}} Ω<sub>Λ</sub>. The [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Wade-5/publication/302632920/figure/fig2/AS:751645805789184@1556217733527/Then-a-Miracle-Occurs-Copyrighted-artwork-by-Sydney-Harris-Inc-All-materials-used-with_W640.jpg suprisingly extant] closed-form solution of the integral includes the special Gaussian {{w|hypergeometric function}} <sub>2</sub>''F''<sub>1</sub>.]]

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 In {{w|observational cosmology}}, a field of astronomy, {{w|redshift}} refers to the way that light from distant objects in the universe is stretched out, making it appear more red than it would otherwise. This occurs because the universe is expanding, and as a result, light waves are stretched as they travel through space. The {{w|Redshift#Redshift formulae|"z" value}} is a dimensionless measure of the redshift: the observed wavelength minus the expected wavelength, divided by the expected wavelength. A higher "z" value, or redshift, corresponds to earlier times in the history of the universe. This is because as the universe expands, light from distant galaxies is stretched to longer, redder wavelengths as it travels towards us. The further away a galaxy is, the longer its light has been traveling, and thus the more the universe has expanded since that light began its journey. Therefore, a higher redshift indicates a galaxy that is further away and that the light we see from it left when the universe was younger. Conversely, a lower redshift means the light has traveled a shorter distance and time, indicating a more recent epoch in the history of the universe. Negative values of "z" indicate a blueshift, which indicate objects that are approaching the observer, generally used in cosmological work to calculate rotation speeds of closer objects.
-The joke here is that Cueball is asking Ponytail when she became interested in cosmology, and instead of giving a conventionally referenced time (such as "in college", "as a kid", "in 2020" or "seventeen years ago", whatever may apply), she responds with a redshift value "z=0.00000000038". This very small number corresponds to a very recent event compared to the start of the universe; well within a human lifetime, though it might take a cosmologist's specific knowledge to understand this and work out the interval's value. The negative blueshift question in the title text is a playful way of similarly asking about a future event. As the absolute value of the negative z is about ten thousand times smaller, it indicates a much closer event in the future.
+The joke here is that Cueball is asking Ponytail when she became interested in cosmology, and instead of giving a conventionally referenced time (such as "in college", "as a kid", "in 2018" or "five and a half years ago", whatever may apply), she responds with a redshift value "z=0.00000000038". This very small number corresponds to a very recent event compared to the start of the universe; well within a human lifetime, though it might take a cosmologist's specific knowledge to understand this and work out the interval's value. The negative blueshift question in the title text is a playful way of similarly asking about a future event. As the absolute value of the negative z is about ten thousand times smaller, it indicates a much closer event in the future.
 [[File:LookBackFromRedshiftEqns.png|thumb|right|Calculation of look-back time is based on redshift, the {{w|Hubble parameter}} H<sub>0</sub>, and the {{w|Lambda-CDM model#Parameters|cosmological parameter}}s for mass Ω<sub>m</sub> and {{w|dark energy}} Ω<sub>Λ</sub>. The [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael-Wade-5/publication/302632920/figure/fig2/AS:751645805789184@1556217733527/Then-a-Miracle-Occurs-Copyrighted-artwork-by-Sydney-Harris-Inc-All-materials-used-with_W640.jpg suprisingly extant] closed-form solution of the integral includes the special Gaussian {{w|hypergeometric function}} <sub>2</sub>''F''<sub>1</sub>.]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:37, 29 November 2023
Line 10:		Line 10:

	==Explanation==		==Explanation==
−	~~{{incomplete\|Created by a HYPERGEOMETRIC INTEGRAL SOLUTION. Do NOT delete this tag too soon.}}~~
−
	In this comic, [[Ponytail]] is using cosmological terms to answer that she first got interested in early universe cosmology 5.4 years ago, to which [[Cueball]] asks (in the title text) whether she has plans five and a half hours later. One interpretation is that these are two colleagues out for lunch, and Cueball likes her nerdy answer so much he wants to ask her out for a dinner date after work.		In this comic, [[Ponytail]] is using cosmological terms to answer that she first got interested in early universe cosmology 5.4 years ago, to which [[Cueball]] asks (in the title text) whether she has plans five and a half hours later. One interpretation is that these are two colleagues out for lunch, and Cueball likes her nerdy answer so much he wants to ask her out for a dinner date after work.

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 {{incomplete|Created by a HYPERGEOMETRIC INTEGRAL SOLUTION. Do NOT delete this tag too soon.}}
-In this comic, [[Ponytail]] is using cosmological terms to answer that she first got interested in early universe cosmology 5.4 years ago, to which [[Cueball]] asks (in the title text) whether she has plans five and a half hours later. One interpretation is that these are two colleagues out for lunch, and Cueball likes her nerdy answer so much he wants to ask her out for a dinner date.
+In this comic, [[Ponytail]] is using cosmological terms to answer that she first got interested in early universe cosmology 5.4 years ago, to which [[Cueball]] asks (in the title text) whether she has plans five and a half hours later. One interpretation is that these are two colleagues out for lunch, and Cueball likes her nerdy answer so much he wants to ask her out for a dinner date after work.
 [[File:time by redshift.png|thumb|Redshift indicates how far in the past distant astronomical objects were as we observe them now.]]