2913: Periodic Table Regions - Revision history

DKMell: some minor fixes

2026-05-06T22:26:30Z

some minor fixes

24.206.111.219: /* Table Sections */

2026-02-16T11:02:11Z

‎Table Sections

Boilersuit: /* Table Sections */

2025-11-20T08:21:09Z

‎Table Sections

172.69.208.203: Deleted the incomplete transcript template after making a minor "correction" of one of the dashes in said transcript. Couldn't find any other problems.

2025-04-06T23:52:47Z

Deleted the incomplete transcript template after making a minor "correction" of one of the dashes in said transcript. Couldn't find any other problems.

172.71.241.66: Added wp link to allotropes of boron

2025-02-19T09:37:23Z

Added wp link to allotropes of boron

Natg19: /* Transcript */ cat

2025-02-08T01:26:13Z

‎Transcript: cat

Fuzzymo: typos, grammar, phrasing

2025-01-13T14:45:26Z

typos, grammar, phrasing

Tromag at 18:15, 26 September 2024

2024-09-26T18:15:15Z

141.101.99.81: /* Table Sections */ typo

2024-09-05T13:38:17Z

‎Table Sections: typo

Natg19: /* Transcript */ add to cat

2024-08-22T01:28:44Z

‎Transcript: add to cat

@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 | Slightly fancy protons || Hydrogen || Hydrogen || Most hydrogen atoms (specifically of the isotope H-1, making up 99.9844% of all hydrogen on Earth) are a proton and an electron. Since the electron can be removed (so only a proton remains) and you can call that an H<sup>+</sup> ion, [[Randall]] calls hydrogen atoms "slightly fancy protons".
 |-
-| Weird dirt || Lighter alkali and alkaline earth metals || Lithium, Beryllium || Lithium and beryllium, as some of the lightest elements, have unusual properties compared to heavier metals. Lithium, for instance, is the least dense metal on the periodic table and is used in applications such as [https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/3/lithium rechargeable batteries] and as a {{w|Lithium_(medication)|psychiatric medication}}. Beryllium is both toxic and transparent to X-rays, but also keeps its shape and stiffness over a wide range of temperatures, leading to its use in the primary mirrors of the [https://webb.nasa.gov/content/observatory/ote/mirrors/index.html#3 James Webb Space Telescope]. It was also used in F1, both in brake calipers and {{w|Beryllium#Applications|internal engine parts}}, before being outlawed (due to its toxicity). Also, {{w|Beryllium#Nuclear_applications|both}} {{w|Lithium#Nuclear|elements}} have nuclear applications.
+| Weird dirt || Lighter alkali and alkaline earth metals || Lithium, Beryllium || Lithium and beryllium, as some of the lightest elements, have unusual properties compared to heavier metals. Lithium, for instance, is the least dense metal on the periodic table and is used in applications such as [https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/3/lithium rechargeable batteries] and as a {{w|Lithium_(medication)|psychiatric medication}}. Beryllium is both toxic and transparent to X-rays, but also keeps its shape and stiffness over a wide range of temperatures, leading to its use in the primary mirrors of the [https://webb.nasa.gov/content/observatory/ote/mirrors/index.html#3 James Webb Space Telescope]. It was also used in {{w|Formula 1}} auto racing, both in brake calipers and {{w|Beryllium#Applications|internal engine parts}}, before being outlawed due to its toxicity. Also, {{w|Beryllium#Nuclear_applications|both}} {{w|Lithium#Nuclear|elements}} have nuclear applications.
 |-
 | Regular dirt || Middle alkali and alkaline earth metals || Sodium, Magnesium, Potassium, Calcium || Despite being metals, these are listed as "dirt" rather than "metal." Perhaps this is because they are commonly found in dirt, as they are essential nutrients for plant life and for many other forms of life, including humans.
 |-
-| Ends in a number, let it slumber. Ends in a letter, not much better. || Heavier alkali and alkaline earth metals || Rubidium, Strontium, Cesium<!-- Let's not have an edit war, after all, Randall is American. Also title text's spelling. -->, Barium, Francium, Radium || Highly reactive metals, some of which are commonly used as radioactive isotopes (which are known by a number; e.g. radium-223).<br/>The title text mentions cesium-133 and cesium-134, with the former being the only stable isotope of cesium. The phrase, "cesium-133, let it be," in the title text is a reference to the mnemonic used to remind one how to identify and to avoid {{w|poison ivy}}: "leaves of 3, let it be". The joke is that these elements are so aggressively reactive that even where stable isotopes exist, they're incredibly dangerous to handle (ie, "not much better" than the radioactive ones).
+| Ends in a number, let it slumber. Ends in a letter, not much better. || Heavier alkali and alkaline earth metals || Rubidium, Strontium, Cesium<!-- Let's not have an edit war, after all, Randall is American. Also title text's spelling. -->, Barium, Francium, Radium || Highly reactive metals, some of which are commonly used as radioactive isotopes. Such an isotope is usually written ending in a number, such as radium-223, and because of its radioactivity, Randall advises that you "let it slumber". The non-radioactive elements here are highly reactive, so even if they're not written with an isotope number, they're incredibly dangerous to handle and "not much better" than the radioactive isotopes.<br/>The title text mentions cesium-133 and cesium-134, with the former being the only stable isotope of cesium (and the basis of the {{w|International System of Units|metric system}}'s {{w|Caesium standard|definition of the second}}). The phrase "cesium-133, let it be" in the title text is a reference to the mnemonic used to remind one how to identify and to avoid {{w|poison ivy}} and {{w|poison oak}}: "leaves of 3, let it be". Cesium-134 is radioactive, so one should "let it be even more."
 |-
 | Boring alloy metals. Probably crucial to the spark plug industry or something. (But one of them is radioactive so stay on your toes.) || The left transition metals || Scandium, Titanium, Vanadium, Chromium, Manganese, Yttrium, Zirconium, Niobium, Molybdenum, Technetium, Ruthenium, Hafnium, Tantalum, Tungsten, Rhenium, Osmium || These elements tend not to be very well known to the general public, since they're rarely primary components in anything a typical person would encounter. Nonetheless, they're used as constituents (sometimes as a small but vital trace) in alloys with specific uses, including {{w|stainless steel}}, {{w|Electric light|bulb filaments}} and {{w|Superconductivity|superconductors}}.<br/>A {{w|spark plug}} may use {{w|austenitic stainless steel}}, which includes chromium and (in some cases) molybdenum, for heat and oxidation resistance.<br/>{{w|Technetium}} is the lightest element that has no stable isotope and is thus radioactive. Technetium is commonly used in medical imaging.
 |-
-| Regular metals || The top transition metals || Titanium, Manganese, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Aluminum<!-- Let's not have an edit war, after all, Randall is American. -->, Silicon || Commonly known metals (and one metalloid, silicon). These all have important uses in construction and other major industries. Titanium is extremely lightweight and creates bright white sparks. Iron is a common building material. It is used in almost everything from bridges to buildings. Nickel and Zinc are both found in American coins (Zinc makes up 97.5% of the {{w|Penny (United States coin)|penny}}). Copper is part of Gold's family and is used mostly in wires because of its conducting properties. Aluminum is also extremely lightweight like Titanium. It is used in high-stress but lightweight applications such as bike frames and airplanes.
+| Regular metals || The top transition metals || Titanium, Manganese, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Aluminum<!-- Let's not have an edit war, after all, Randall is American. -->, Silicon || Commonly known metals (and one metalloid, silicon). These all have important uses in construction and other major industries. Titanium is extremely lightweight and creates bright white sparks. Iron is a common building material used in almost everything from bridges to steel to buildings. Nickel and zinc are both found in American coins (zinc makes up 97.5% of the {{w|Penny (United States coin)|penny}}). Copper is part of gold's family and is used mostly in wires because of its conducting properties. Aluminum is also extremely lightweight like titanium. It is used in high-stress but lightweight applications such as bike frames and airplanes.
 |-
-| $$$$ || The platinum group || Rhodium, Palladium, Silver, Osmium, Iridium, Platinum, Gold || Rare and highly prized metals. The most expensive of these, osmium, is worth about $1,600 per gram as of when the comic was posted. Gold, silver, and platinum are famous for being precious metals, and are commonly used in jewelry.
+| $$$$ || The platinum group || Rhodium, Palladium, Silver, Osmium, Iridium, Platinum, Gold || Rare and highly prized metals. The most expensive of these, osmium, was worth about $1,600 per gram when the comic was posted. Gold, silver, and platinum are famous for being precious metals, and are commonly used in jewelry.
 |-
 | Weird metals || The "ordinary metals" and some transition metals || Gallium, Germanium, Cadmium, Indium, Tin, Mercury || These are more obscure than the other metals (except tin and mercury) and tend to have fewer or more specialized uses. Mercury is also the only metal that is liquid at room temperature, and gallium melts just above that at 30 °C (86 °F). Indium is one of the only metals that can be chewed like bubble gum. This is because it is non-toxic and extremely soft.
@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 | Boron (fool's carbon) || Boron || Boron || Just as {{w|pyrite}} is commonly called "fool's gold", Randall calls {{w|boron}} "fool's carbon" due to its similarities in the way both elements can make stable {{w|covalently bonded}} molecules. Many of {{w|allotropes of boron|boron’s allotropes}} are also analogous with those of carbon.
 |-
-| You are here || Nonmetals || Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus || Other than hydrogen, these are all the elements required to make {{w|DNA}}, and they make up the majority of atoms in other biological molecules, thus placing you over here.
+| You are here || Nonmetals || Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus || Other than hydrogen, these are all the elements required to make {{w|DNA}}, and they make up the majority of atoms in other biological molecules, including your body.
 |-
-| Murder weapons || Ordinary metals and metalloids || Arsenic, Antimony, Tellurium, Thallium, Lead, Bismuth, Polonium || Arsenic, thallium, lead, and polonium are highly toxic and have notorious histories as poisons. Arsenic, specifically, was a frequently used poison for murders in the 19th century. A radioactive isotope of polonium has been used for clandestine state-sponsored murders, due to the tiny amount needed for a lethal dose. Antimony and tellurium are also hazardous, though to a lesser degree. Lead is also the primary metal used for making bullets, making it a potential tool for murder in a different way. Bismuth is the odd one out, having little toxicity at all, but it is used in lead-free bullets.
+| Murder weapons || Ordinary metals and metalloids || Arsenic, Antimony, Tellurium, Thallium, Lead, Bismuth, Polonium || Arsenic, thallium, lead, and polonium are highly toxic and have notorious histories as poisons. Arsenic, specifically, was a frequently used poison for murders in the 19th century. A radioactive isotope of polonium has been used for clandestine {{w|Alexander Litvinenko|state-sponsored murder}}, due to the tiny amount needed for a lethal dose. Antimony and tellurium are also hazardous, though to a lesser degree. Lead is also the primary metal used for making bullets, making it a potential tool for murder in a different way, and bismuth is used in lead-free bullets.
 |-
 | Safety goggles required || The lighter halogens + some of group 16 || Fluorine, Sulfur, Chlorine, Selenium, Bromine || These elements are highly reactive, so safety goggles are required. Randall has previously mentioned the nasty properties of {{w|bromine}} at room temperature in [https://what-if.xkcd.com/50/ Extreme Boating] and the awful things you can do with {{w|fluorine}} in [https://what-if.xkcd.com/40/ Pressure Cooker].
 |-
-| Very specific health problems || Iodine and Radon || Iodine, Radon || {{w|Radon}} gas is formed in the radioactive decay series of uranium and thorium, which occur in trace levels in many common minerals. The gravel and concrete used in construction include such minerals, and the radon is released into the air via pores and cracks in the stone and concrete. The relatively poor ventilation in underground spaces such as basements and cellars can cause the radon to accumulate rather than be released into the environment. Eventually, the radon itself decays into other elements, which are also radioactive. Radon is chemically very inert and doesn't bind to anything, but it can still be inhaled, and its daughter elements can bind to dust particles. The radioactive materials, when inhaled, can cause damage to cells, especially in the lungs, with lung cancers as a possible long-term consequence. Iodine is a required nutrient that humans need in trace amounts to remain healthy, with an iodine deficiency typically causing thyroid problems such as goiter. Radioactive iodine is easily taken into the body, deliberately to counteract hyperthyroidism (by giving the thyroid gland radiation damage) or uncontrollably due to exposure to material in nuclear fallout/accidents. Giving high doses of 'normal' iodine would ideally flush out the problematic isotope. Even comparing the two radioactive effects, these two specific health problems are entirely unrelated, and it is only by coincidence that they are corner-to-corner on the periodic table.
+| Very specific health problems || Iodine and Radon || Iodine, Radon || {{w|Radon}} gas is formed in the radioactive decay series of uranium and thorium, which occur in trace levels in many common minerals. The gravel and concrete used in construction include such minerals, and the radon is released into the air via pores and cracks in the stone and concrete. The relatively poor ventilation in underground spaces such as basements and cellars can cause the radon to accumulate rather than be released into the environment. Eventually, the radon itself decays into other elements, which are also radioactive. Radon is chemically very inert and doesn't bind to anything, but it can still be inhaled, and its daughter elements can bind to dust particles. The radioactive materials, when inhaled, can cause damage to cells, especially in the lungs, with lung cancers as a possible long-term consequence. Iodine is a required nutrient that humans need in trace amounts to remain healthy, with an iodine deficiency typically causing thyroid problems such as {{w|goiter}}. Radioactive iodine is easily taken into the body, deliberately to counteract {{w|hyperthyroidism}} (by giving the {{w|thyroid gland}} radiation damage) or uncontrollably due to exposure to material in nuclear fallout/accidents. Giving high doses of 'normal' iodine would ideally flush out the problematic isotope. Even comparing the two radioactive effects, these two specific health problems are entirely unrelated, and it is only by coincidence that they are corner-to-corner on the periodic table.
 |-
-| Lawful Neutral || Noble gases || Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon || These elements are mostly non-reactive and are referred to as 'noble' as they typically do not associate with other elements. (The first three don't form chemical compounds at all, apart from things like unstable ionic complexes. The other two do form a few compounds, but these are rather difficult to synthesize and are quite reactive.)
+| Lawful Neutral || Noble gases || Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon || These elements are mostly non-reactive and are referred to as 'noble' as they typically do not associate with other elements. (The first three don't form chemical compounds at all, apart from things like unstable ionic complexes; the other two do {{w|Krypton#Chemistry|form}} {{w|Xenon compounds|a few compounds}}, but these are rather difficult to synthesize and are quite reactive.) Lawful Neutral is a reference to the {{w|Dungeons & Dragons}} alignment chart, which gives moral categories for characters. The chart goes from Lawful to Chaotic on one axis, and Good to Evil on another. Lawful Neutral means following the law without any bias towards Good or Evil, which could be exemplified by the unreactivity of noble gases. See also: [[2251: Alignment Chart Alignment Chart]].
 |-
-| Don't bother learning their names – they're not staying long || Astatine and Period 7 from Rutherfordium onwards || Astatine, Rutherfordium, Dubnium, Seaborgium, Bohrium, Hassium, Meitnerium, Darmstadtium, Roentgenium, Copernicum, Nihonium, Flerovium, Moscovium, Livermorium, Tennessine, Oganesson || These elements are hard to produce in large quantities and decay within hours or less... in some cases, milliseconds. (Their names haven't exactly been stable, either, with previous multiple systems of placeholder names. For example, dubnium has been called nielsbohrium, hahnium, joliotium, unnilpentium, and eka-tantalum.)
+| Don't bother learning their names – they're not staying long || Astatine and Period 7 from Rutherfordium onwards || Astatine, Rutherfordium, Dubnium, Seaborgium, Bohrium, Hassium, Meitnerium, Darmstadtium, Roentgenium, Copernicum, Nihonium, Flerovium, Moscovium, Livermorium, Tennessine, Oganesson || These elements are hard to produce in large quantities and decay within hours or less - in some cases, milliseconds. (Their names haven't exactly been stable, either, with previous multiple systems of placeholder names. For example, dubnium has been called nielsbohrium, hahnium, joliotium, unnilpentium, and eka-tantalum.)
 |-
-| Whoever figures out a better way to fit these up there gets the next Nobel Prize || The internal transition metals || Lanthanum, Cerium, Praseodymium, Neodymium, Promethium, Samarium, Europium, Gadolinium, Terbium, Dysprosium, Holmium, Erbium, Thulium, Ytterbium, Lutetium, Actinium, Thorium, Protactinium, Uranium, Neptunium, Plutonium, Americium, Curium, Berkelium, Californium, Einsteinium, Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium, Lawrencium|| The {{w|lanthanide}}s and {{w|actinide}}s are usually placed disconnected from the main periodic table, largely because putting them where they "should" be would [https://ptable.com/image/periodic-table-wide.svg make the chart very long]. Other {{w|types of periodic tables}} that arrange the elements exist; with the seventh period filled out the hunt is on for the eighth period which is expected to {{w|Extended periodic table|contain an extra 18 groups (columns)}}, making a redesign even more prudent than ever.
+| Whoever figures out a better way to fit these up there gets the next Nobel Prize || The internal transition metals || Lanthanum, Cerium, Praseodymium, Neodymium, Promethium, Samarium, Europium, Gadolinium, Terbium, Dysprosium, Holmium, Erbium, Thulium, Ytterbium, Lutetium, Actinium, Thorium, Protactinium, Uranium, Neptunium, Plutonium, Americium, Curium, Berkelium, Californium, Einsteinium, Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium, Lawrencium|| The {{w|lanthanide}}s and {{w|actinide}}s are usually placed disconnected from the main periodic table, largely because putting them where they "should" be would [https://ptable.com/image/periodic-table-wide.svg make the chart very long]. Other {{w|types of periodic tables}} exist that arrange the elements in other ways; with the seventh period (row) filled out, the hunt is on for the eighth period, which is expected to {{w|Extended periodic table|contain an extra 18 groups (columns)}} and make a redesign even more needed than ever.
 |}

@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 | Ends in a number, let it slumber. Ends in a letter, not much better. || Heavier alkali and alkaline earth metals || Rubidium, Strontium, Cesium<!-- Let's not have an edit war, after all, Randall is American. Also title text's spelling. -->, Barium, Francium, Radium || Highly reactive metals, some of which are commonly used as radioactive isotopes (which are known by a number; e.g. radium-223).<br/>The title text mentions cesium-133 and cesium-134, with the former being the only stable isotope of cesium. The phrase, "cesium-133, let it be," in the title text is a reference to the mnemonic used to remind one how to identify and to avoid {{w|poison ivy}}: "leaves of 3, let it be". The joke is that these elements are so aggressively reactive that even where stable isotopes exist, they're incredibly dangerous to handle (ie, "not much better" than the radioactive ones).
 |-
-| Boring alloy metals. It's probably crucial to the spark plug industry or something. (But one of them is radioactive so stay on your toes.) || The left transition metals || Scandium, Titanium, Vanadium, Chromium, Manganese, Yttrium, Zirconium, Niobium, Molybdenum, Technetium, Ruthenium, Hafnium, Tantalum, Tungsten, Rhenium, Osmium || These elements tend not to be very well known to the general public, since they're rarely primary components in anything a typical person would encounter. Nonetheless, they're used as constituents (sometimes as a small but vital trace) in alloys with specific uses, including {{w|stainless steel}}, {{w|Electric light|bulb filaments}} and {{w|Superconductivity|superconductors}}.<br/>A {{w|spark plug}} may use {{w|austenitic stainless steel}}, which includes chromium and (in some cases) molybdenum, for heat and oxidation resistance.<br/>{{w|Technetium}} is the lightest element that has no stable isotope and is thus radioactive. Technetium is commonly used in medical imaging.
+| Boring alloy metals. Probably crucial to the spark plug industry or something. (But one of them is radioactive so stay on your toes.) || The left transition metals || Scandium, Titanium, Vanadium, Chromium, Manganese, Yttrium, Zirconium, Niobium, Molybdenum, Technetium, Ruthenium, Hafnium, Tantalum, Tungsten, Rhenium, Osmium || These elements tend not to be very well known to the general public, since they're rarely primary components in anything a typical person would encounter. Nonetheless, they're used as constituents (sometimes as a small but vital trace) in alloys with specific uses, including {{w|stainless steel}}, {{w|Electric light|bulb filaments}} and {{w|Superconductivity|superconductors}}.<br/>A {{w|spark plug}} may use {{w|austenitic stainless steel}}, which includes chromium and (in some cases) molybdenum, for heat and oxidation resistance.<br/>{{w|Technetium}} is the lightest element that has no stable isotope and is thus radioactive. Technetium is commonly used in medical imaging.
 |-
 | Regular metals || The top transition metals || Titanium, Manganese, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Aluminum<!-- Let's not have an edit war, after all, Randall is American. -->, Silicon || Commonly known metals (and one metalloid, silicon). These all have important uses in construction and other major industries. Titanium is extremely lightweight and creates bright white sparks. Iron is a common building material. It is used in almost everything from bridges to buildings. Nickel and Zinc are both found in American coins (Zinc makes up 97.5% of the {{w|Penny (United States coin)|penny}}). Copper is part of Gold's family and is used mostly in wires because of its conducting properties. Aluminum is also extremely lightweight like Titanium. It is used in high-stress but lightweight applications such as bike frames and airplanes.

@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 | Weird metals || The "ordinary metals" and some transition metals || Gallium, Germanium, Cadmium, Indium, Tin, Mercury || These are more obscure than the other metals (except tin and mercury) and tend to have fewer or more specialized uses. Mercury is also the only metal that is liquid at room temperature, and gallium melts just above that at 30 °C (86 °F). Indium is one of the only metals that can be chewed like bubble gum. This is because it is non-toxic and extremely soft.
 |-
-| Boron (fool's carbon) || Boron || Boron || Just as like how {{w|pyrite}} is commonly called "fool's gold", Randall calls {{w|boron}} "fool's carbon" due to its similarities in the way both elements can make stable {{w|covalently bonded}} molecules. Many of {{w|allotropes of boron|boron’s allotropes}} are also analogous with those of carbon.
+| Boron (fool's carbon) || Boron || Boron || Just as {{w|pyrite}} is commonly called "fool's gold", Randall calls {{w|boron}} "fool's carbon" due to its similarities in the way both elements can make stable {{w|covalently bonded}} molecules. Many of {{w|allotropes of boron|boron’s allotropes}} are also analogous with those of carbon.
 |-
 | You are here || Nonmetals || Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus || Other than hydrogen, these are all the elements required to make {{w|DNA}}, and they make up the majority of atoms in other biological molecules, thus placing you over here.

@@ Line 57: / Line 57: @@
 ==Transcript==
 :[A periodic table with regions labeled. Regions are marked with shapes that have rounded edges and sometimes a chemical element can be partially in two regions.]
@@ Line 93: / Line 92: @@
 :Murder weapons
 :[Bottom row from the fourth column onwards:]
-:Don't bother learning their names - they're not staying long
+:Don't bother learning their names—they're not staying long
 :[The lanthanides and actinides below the rest of the table, two rows of fifteen elements, arrow pointing to a conspicuous gap in the third column of the main table where the fifteenth would ordinarily be:]
 :Whoever figures out a better way to fit these up there gets the next Nobel Prize

@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 | Weird metals || The "ordinary metals" and some transition metals || Gallium, Germanium, Cadmium, Indium, Tin, Mercury || These are more obscure than the other metals (except tin and mercury) and tend to have fewer or more specialized uses. Mercury is also the only metal that is liquid at room temperature, and gallium melts just above that at 30 °C (86 °F). Indium is one of the only metals that can be chewed like bubble gum. This is because it is non-toxic and extremely soft.
 |-
-| Boron (fool's carbon) || Boron || Boron || Just as like how {{w|pyrite}} is commonly called "fool's gold", Randall calls {{w|boron}} "fool's carbon" due to its similarities in the way both elements can make stable {{w|covalently bonded}} molecules. Many of boron's {{w|allotropes}} are also analogous with those of carbon.
+| Boron (fool's carbon) || Boron || Boron || Just as like how {{w|pyrite}} is commonly called "fool's gold", Randall calls {{w|boron}} "fool's carbon" due to its similarities in the way both elements can make stable {{w|covalently bonded}} molecules. Many of {{w|allotropes of boron|boron’s allotropes}} are also analogous with those of carbon.
 |-
 | You are here || Nonmetals || Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus || Other than hydrogen, these are all the elements required to make {{w|DNA}}, and they make up the majority of atoms in other biological molecules, thus placing you over here.

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 | You are here || Nonmetals || Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus || Other than hydrogen, these are all the elements required to make {{w|DNA}}, and they make up the majority of atoms in other biological molecules, thus placing you over here.
 |-
-| Murder weapons || Ordinary metals and metalloids || Arsenic, Antimony, Tellurium, Thallium, Lead, Bismuth, Polonium || Arsenic, thallium, lead, and polonium are highly toxic and have been involved in many notorious poisoning cases. Antimony and tellurium are also hazardous, though to a lesser degree. Lead is also by far the most common metal used for making bullets, for which purpose it may be used by itself or alloyed with other metals (usually a small amount of tin, and an even smaller amount of antimony) and/or coated (most often with copper); for the reason, the term "lead poisoning", while originally referring to long term lead accumulation in the body (also called "{{w|saturnism}}", and known for more than 2000 years) is sometimes used as a euphemism (often with an element of dark humor) for gunshot wounds when discussing someone's cause of death. Bismuth is the odd one out, having little toxicity at all, but it is used in lead-free bullets and shot (although if this is the intention, iron really ought to be included for its own (very common) use in lead-free shot (of the variety commonly referred to as "steel shot"), in addition to its various other lethal uses).
+| Murder weapons || Ordinary metals and metalloids || Arsenic, Antimony, Tellurium, Thallium, Lead, Bismuth, Polonium || Arsenic, thallium, lead, and polonium are highly toxic and have notorious histories as poisons. Arsenic, specifically, was a frequently-used poison for murders in the 19th century. A radioactive isotope of polonium has been used for clandestine state-sponsored murders, due to the tiny amount needed for a lethal dose. Antimony and tellurium are also hazardous, though to a lesser degree. Lead is also the primary metal used for making bullets, making it a potential tool for murder in a different way. Bismuth is the odd one out, having little toxicity at all, but it is used in lead-free bullets.
 |-
 | Safety goggles required || The lighter halogens + some of group 16 || Fluorine, Sulfur, Chlorine, Selenium, Bromine || These elements are highly reactive, so safety goggles are required. Randall has previously mentioned the nasty properties of {{w|bromine}} at room temperature in [https://what-if.xkcd.com/50/ Extreme Boating] and the awful things you can do with {{w|fluorine}} in [https://what-if.xkcd.com/40/ Pressure Cooker].

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