Editing 2456: Types of Scientific Paper

{{comic
| number    = 2456
| date      = April 28, 2021
| title     = Types of Scientific Paper
| image     = types_of_scientific_paper.png
| titletext = Others include "We've incrementally improved the estimate of this coefficient," "Maybe all these categories are wrong," and "We found a way to make student volunteers worse at tasks."
}}

==Explanation==
In this comic, Randall describes categories of scientific papers with somewhat humorous generalized titles. This comic may be a jab at mainstream news and their handling of scientific announcements; journalists are eager to report on what could turn out to be a scientific breakthrough even if it's very similar to stories they've already published about similar papers that turned out to be somewhat mundane. It may also relate to how some scientific findings follow certain patterns.

==Breakdown of papers==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Paper Title
!Explanation
!Visual Description
|-
!scope=row|We put a camera somewhere new
|This may involve miniaturisation or other improvements of imaging sensors, power supply, transmission or retention of data, environmental hardening and (possibly) recovery afterwards. Photographs and videos can be especially helpful in understanding what is or was going on, especially for the layman, than more limited signal traces.

Cameras have been inserted into every obvious bodily orifice (including swallowed, to be later excreted), placed in habitats to monitor wildlife, attached to wildlife to monitor habitats, sent into volcanic craters/ocean trenches/high altitudes/nuclear reactors, launched into space and sent past/round/onto several of the solar-system's more interesting bodies. This makes the "somewhere new" claim intriguing, possibly even comparable to 'clickbait'.

This could also be generalized even more by replacing "camera" with "sensor", and then going to debate the newly derived sensor data. 
|Includes a large figure, likely an image captured with the camera.
|-
!scope=row|Hey, I found a trove of old records! They don't turn out to be particularly useful, but still, cool!
|Rather than starting with the aim of investigating some question, and finding some way of answering it by uncovering evidence, sometimes a writer may have stumbled upon a cache of historic documents that they then feel compelled to justify the resulting 'WikiWalk' they may have found themselves sucked into. The author may be far more excited about this than any future reader. This could also be a paper by a historian who found out ancient records which could be useful. A similar sentiment appears in [[1979: History]].
|Small figure may show the most interesting fragment of the records.
|-
!scope=row|My colleague is wrong and I can finally prove it
|This title refers to the occasional rivalries between scientists within a field, which can push them to seek proof that they, and not their colleague, are correct. This search for vindication, rather than truth, can lead the researcher to overlook significant flaws in their research, and can also make for tedious reading. It reflects a tone of smug self-satisfaction.
|Like the two previous types, this one is laid out in two-column format with occasional section headings. Unlike those types, it has no figures.
|-
!scope=row|The immune system is at it again
|The human immune system is notoriously complex, and there are countless papers in medical fields just describing its strangeness. While it is best known for preventing and battling infections, it can also overreact or even turn against the body that it is supposed to protect. Moreover it can overreact, for instance in allergic reactions or in a potentially lethal {{w|cytokine storm}} known to occur in certain viral infections, including {{w|influenza}} and {{w|COVID-19}}. The title may convey exasperation with the amorphous nature of this study subject.
|Two-column format, no figures.
|-
!scope=row|We figured out how to make this exotic material, so email us if you need some
|Researchers often attempt to create materials despite there not being any demand, predicting that in the future their material will be game-changing without any actual applications. These researchers have created such a material, and are offering to produce it for anyone who needs it. It is couched in terms of having created an answer for which there was not yet any proper question.

Sometimes the only reason for trying to create the materials is that they are peculiar or novel in some way, with no consideration of whether they might have any use apart from demonstrating the novel property. However, some other people might find that property very useful... and may lack the ability to make the substance for themselves.

This may be also referring to the discovering/creating of elements and subatomic particles. The statement if you wish to buy it is humorous in these cases because they will decay too quickly to be purchased.
|Two-column format, no figures.
|-
!scope=row|What are fish even doing down there
|Deep sea marine biology regularly discovers [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7QXdlSBGGY strange lifeforms] in [https://www.9news.com.au/world/sharks-living-in-volcano-why-are-marine-predators-living-in-an-active-crater/db112bd9-21b2-46c2-9d58-ed07f981ae01 unexpected places], and theories explaining deep sea ecosystems are regularly confounded by new data.

Scientists may also bump into marine organisms when looking for something else. For example, one planned underwater neutrino detector [https://www.nature.com/articles/srep44938 picked up bioluminescence instead].

Whichever way, the title probably reflects a totally unexpected result that is possibly too cross-disciplinary to be properly comprehended as an actual scientific advance by the authors. However, a proper study of the species could very well be an important paper.
|This one-column paper does not appear to have any headers, implying a longer, free-flowing format.
|-
!scope=row|This task I had to do anyway turned out to be hard enough for its own paper
|There is a huge variety in the complexity and importance of subjects studied in scientific papers, and often some supposedly easy task will be sufficiently complicated as to merit its own paper. For example, a scientist may have discovered a better way of finding out if a substance is X or Y while studying something else.

The author may be glad to have been able to turn mundane 'housekeeping' activities, that don't normally do much to enhance academic reputations, into an actual opportunity to be cite-worthy.
|This paper is also one-column but it contains section headers.
|-
!scope=row|Hey, at least we showed that this method can produce results! That's not nothing, right?
|One of the struggles of the scientific method is that many experiments will not produce the results scientists desired or expected. Negative or conflicting results of well-conducted research are as important as positive or dramatic ones, but are often ignored in favor of more novel findings. As a result, some journals are established specifically for negative results, reducing the bias towards only positive claims that may actually be outliers or anomalies.

In this case, the authors may otherwise have worked on their problem and been left with no citable proof of their efforts. The title perhaps reflects an attempt to present this as 'success' of a different kind, rather than a submission to such a null/negative-results platform. This may be similar to the above type of paper too.
|Two-column format, no figures.
|-
!scope=row|Check out this weird thing one of us saw while out for a walk
|This paper may be imagined as an opportunistic publication. A department or team has seen itself low down on the local 'league table' for academic output. A brainstorming session for a way of rectifying this led to desperately seizing upon the first idle comment made (in lieu of any better sounding ideas) that can somehow be shoehorned into their respective subject area, and is now being presented similar to "this one weird thing" clickbait titles that almost always oversell their content.
This also works in the context of entomology. Insects have the most species of any class of animals [https://www.si.edu/spotlight/buginfo/bugnos by a wide margin], but due to their small size, they're not easily seen. As a result, new species are constantly being discovered in places as innocuous as [https://wildlife.org/video-entomologists-discover-30-new-species-in-la-backyards/ someone's backyard].

It also works in botany, especially floristics. Papers of first records of alien plants refer to weird things botanists saw on walks. Vagrant birds, unusual animal behaviour, and strange meteorological phenomena are other subcategories.
|Two-column layout. Includes several large figures, likely close-up photographs of the weird thing. There are no headers, as the paper may have little background or methodology, just observations.
|-
!scope=row|We are 500 scientists and here's what we've been up to for the last 10 years
|Some papers summarize the work of big research teams, like those working on the [https://repositorio.uc.cl/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11534/13948/Observation%20of%20a%20new%20particle%20in%20the%20search%20for%20the%20Standard%20Model%20Higgs%20boson%20with%20the%20ATLAS%20detector%20at%20the%20LHC.pdf Higgs Boson] (list of authors starts at page 17 and goes to page 26 with foot notes about authors to page 29, and a dedication in the header would suggest that more than one other contributor <i>died</i> over the course of the research, which would be rather unusual for a smaller project) or LIGO. Since the discoveries which are made are a team effort, probably outlasting many of the individual tenures involved, the papers have many authors listed.
A credit for participation may not mean any particularly great contribution by each individual, but being left out (even for one summer's secondment, seven years before any results could be recorded) would be taken as a slight, and an opportunity missed to be 'citable' in the future.
|A huge portion of the page is taken up by the presumably 500 authors' names, above the main horizontal bar.
|-
!scope=row|Some thoughts on how everyone else is bad at research
|Similar to the "my colleague is wrong" paper, but in this case applied to far greater swathes of the community by the author(s) of this (possibly unfocused) tract. Usually a "systematic review", the words 'some thoughts' might indicate a meta-approach with no original research - and possibly a passive-aggressive style of assessment.
|No header sections, possibly because these particular thoughts are in the form of an essay or letter without an accompanying investigation. Formatting this article as a single column with large blocks of text could also be indicating a slightly unhinged rant by someone who&mdash;wrongly&mdash;perceives themselves as unjustly marginalized.
|-
!scope=row|We scanned some undergraduates
|Initial research is often done at universities, so when human subjects are required, recruiting undergraduate students is a common, easy, and inexpensive way to gather enough people to conduct studies or experiments. This is extremely common in psychological or sociological studies, but can involve more medical (but non-invasive) 'scans', from simple eyeball-tracking to full-body MRI. This practice is often criticized, as it introduces a selection bias, which makes the results difficult to generalize to the entire population, as university students in a given country are not necessarily a representative sample of human beings as a whole. Nonetheless, easy accessibility makes these students a source of data for many academic papers. The low-key approach to the title (concentrating blandly upon the method with no references to results) may indicate that the results obtained are very trivial and no great developments were even made in implementation. Alternately, this is a truly ground-breaking paper obscured entirely by the lead author's over-narrow professional focus and avoidance of any hype.
|Two-column format with figures.
|-
!scope=row|We've incrementally improved the estimate of this coefficient
|Often scientific research, e.g. in cosmology or physics, will work with an assumed constant value that is known to be only an 'educated guess' of the actual definite value, or an inclusive range. However accurate/certain this is, further experimentation or observation may further narrow down the uncertainty involved to a statistically significant degree. An improvement to one of these constants also improves the accuracy of every single calculation that uses it.

Even if these improvements may seem trivial to those outside the discipline (e.g. narrowing down a seemingly esoteric value from 99.99% certainty to 99.995% certainty), they are probably understood as significant achievements by those aware of the effort needed to obtain such diminishing returns, and the authors are probably very excited to have done what they did.

Another possible interpretation of this title is that it refers not to cosmological constants but to an exponent in algorithmic complexity, for example the [https://arxiv.org/abs/1401.7714 2014 paper] that proved that the complexity of matrix multiplication is at most n^2.3728639 in place of the previous upper bound n^2.3729.
|rowspan="3"|(Only referenced in Title Text)
|-
!scope=row|Maybe all these categories are wrong
|In some field that relies heavily upon classification (e.g. phylogenetic biology, or the Standard Model in physics) sometimes observations arise that cast doubt on the previously established ideas. It seems that this may have happened here, hopefully with a suggestion of how to reimagine the situation.

The article may have been written with with a sense of euphoria (the chance to present a paradigm shift in thinking, to rewrite the textbooks) or pessimism (it demonstrates only the failings in current thinking, without any obvious solution).

Alternatively, it may be a reference to the categories of papers that this comic proposes.
|-
!scope=row|We found a way to make student volunteers worse at tasks
|Possibly a psychology experiment, and maybe not even the result expected. In general, the repetition of an activity will induce greater skill/capacity in a tested individual. By accident or design, the study group in this instance has induced the opposite correlation. (There are, however, some studies that explicitly look at how e.g. lack of sleep reduces productivity.)

Exactly what emotion the title reflects might depend upon whether the worsening was an intended result, or even how the team were able to refocuss and seize upon the adverse outcomes.
|}

==Transcript==
:[Heading:]
:Types of Scientific Paper 

:[An array of 4 rows with 3 scientific papers each, is shown. We see the first page of each paper, but only its title is legible. Headings are shown as black lines, paragraphs of text are shown as several squiggly lines and figures are shown as empty white rectangles. Titles are as follows:]
:We put a camera somewhere new
:Hey, I found a trove of old records! They don't turn out to be particularly useful, but still, cool!
:My colleague is wrong and I can finally prove it
:The immune system is at it again
:We figured out how to make this exotic material, so email us if you need some
:What are fish even doing down there
:This task I had to do anyway turned out to be hard enough for its own paper
:Hey, at least we showed that this method can produce results! That's not nothing, right?
:Check out this weird thing one of us saw while out for a walk
:We are 500 scientists and here's what we've been up to for the last 10 years
:Some thoughts on how everyone else is bad at research
:We scanned some undergraduates

==Trivia==
*Originally, this comic's title text misspelled "volunteers" as "volunters". 
*Another comic, [[2012: Thorough Analysis]], similarly categorizes or mocks research papers.

==Derivatives==
The comic inspired many derivatives, changing the paper titles to be more relevant to specific fields. 

The hashtag [https://twitter.com/search?q=%23TypesOfScientificPapers&src=typed_query&f=live #TypesOfScientificPapers] on Twitter includes many of these.

There is a [https://observablehq.com/@guillaume-levrier/xkcd-types-paper generator].

There is a [https://app.milanote.com/1LDuH91krMUK9z moodboard compiling hundreds of them].

Some examples include:
{| class="wikitable"
| https://twitter.com/neil_chilson/status/1388216386967715846	|| Privacy Paper
|-
| https://twitter.com/SamLMontano/status/1388268078279049217	|| Disaster Science Paper
|-
| https://twitter.com/jfbastien/status/1388229180211404803	|| C++ Standards papers
|-
| https://twitter.com/waiterich/status/1388207060412682247	|| Scientific Paper (Food, Land, and Natural Climate Solutions Version)
|-
| https://twitter.com/stefan_d_jevtic/status/1388192045920137216	|| Hematology
|-
| https://twitter.com/jeffpeapod/status/1388185831140118529	|| Papers for Grad Students
|-
| https://twitter.com/EdinburghKnee/status/1388069182642794496	|| Ortho Paper
|-
| https://twitter.com/j_remy_green/status/1387960392954138624	|| Law Paper
|-
| https://twitter.com/JavierApfeld/status/1387891336515362819	|| Aging Paper
|-
| https://twitter.com/Gabeincognito/status/1387873643435216897	|| Infosec Paper
|-
| https://twitter.com/acarriebear/status/1387870050581889024	|| Toxicology
|-
| https://twitter.com/yesitsnicholas/status/1387865583908114432	|| Neuroscience
|-
| https://twitter.com/nexel_art/status/1388263392545280009	|| Archeology
|-
| https://twitter.com/skinnyfatPhD/status/1388253551013498882	|| Metabolism
|-
| https://twitter.com/zamanian_/status/1388179675806158848	|| Parasitology
|-
| https://twitter.com/PWGTennant/status/1387734254960975881	|| Epidemiology and Public Health
|-
| https://twitter.com/DrIanKellar/status/1387760304818372620	|| Health Psychology
|-
| https://twitter.com/nappqm/status/1388098251136589824	 	|| Pest Science
|-
| https://twitter.com/theangelremiel/status/1388134620219297793	|| Clinical Paper
|-
| https://twitter.com/plantspipettes/status/1387825850372997121	|| Plant science
|-
| https://twitter.com/girlandkat/status/1388030240358768642	|| Planetary Science
|-
| https://twitter.com/Nesquixotic/status/1387848121342853122	|| History
|-
| https://twitter.com/SamLemonick/status/1388177531703070722	|| How a reporter sees types of science papers
|-
| https://twitter.com/AndrewBarnas/status/1388161745684996098	|| Scientific Paper PAYWALL meta-joke
|-
| https://twitter.com/ctdicanio/status/1388630827857289221      || Phonetics
|-
| https://twitter.com/ProfSimonFisher/status/1388096934343233537|| Language Research
|-
| https://twitter.com/jeanburgess/status/1388245879119781889    || Internet Studies
|-
| https://twitter.com/drzimmermann/status/1388526687814656004   || AI Ethics
|-
| https://twitter.com/ElephantEating/status/1388552610236403714 || Energy systems modelling 1
|-
| https://twitter.com/WPSchill/status/1388584606375493634       || Energy systems modelling 2
|-
| https://twitter.com/oikoweather/status/1388533147768434689    || Building energy modelling
|-
| https://twitter.com/BrynnTannehill/status/1388947303025844225 || Articles on trans people
|-
| https://twitter.com/jiaqikangjiaqi/status/1389225735202607115 || Types of diaspora writing
|-
| https://twitter.com/jdporterlive/status/1388192751653687297   || Literarcy Criticism
|-
| https://twitter.com/spiroferrer/status/1388169795674120193    || Urban planning
|-
| https://twitter.com/ChanceBonar/status/1388266744784080903    || Biblical studies
|-
| https://twitter.com/AmesCG/status/1389368675887554562         || A certain genre of center-right opinion column
|-
| https://twitter.com/jonathanagray/status/1388527626495594504  || Media studies
|-
| https://twitter.com/awaisaftab/status/1388133087356325888     || Psychiatry
|-
| https://twitter.com/OriPomson/status/1388911680277651462      || International Humanitarian Law (aka 'Law of Armed Conflicts')
|}

{{comic discussion}}

[[Category:Scientific research]]
[[Category:Science]]