Difference between revisions of "54: Science"

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==Explanation==
 
==Explanation==
This comic is available on a t-shirt from the [http://store-xkcd-com.myshopify.com/products/science-works xkcd stores].  
+
The solid line represents the theoretical {{w|blackbody radiation|radiation for a blackbody}} at 2.73 K according to {{w|Planck's Law}} (derived as early as 1900 by {{w|Max Planck}}). The formula, almost as written in the graph, can be found {{w|Black-body radiation#Planck's law of black-body radiation|here}}. The only changes are that on Wikipedia, the frequency ''f'' is represented by the Greek letter ''ν'' (nu) and the temperature ''T'' is included as an independent variable, so ''I''(''f'') becomes ''I''(''v'',''T''). However, ''I''(''v'',''T'') still represents the {{w|Radiance#Spectral radiance|spectral radiance}} (similar to energy density). In this formula, ''h'' is the Planck constant, ''c'' is the speed of light in a vacuum, and ''k'' is the Boltzmann constant. The frequency (''f'' or ''v'') along the ''x''-axis is measured in {{w|gigahertz}}. The curve peaks at 160.4 GHz. There is no scale or unit on the {{w|energy density}} on the ''y''-axis.
  
On the front of the t-shirt it says
+
The theory is that the blackbody in question was the universe at the point when it had cooled down enough {{w|Decoupling (cosmology)|to allow photons to escape}}, {{w|Chronology of the universe|0.38 million years}} into its {{w|Big Bang|13.8 billion years}} history. The photons that reach us today are the ones that have been travelling to us at lightspeed since then. As the light from astronomical objects suffers from {{w|redshift}} due to the expansion of the universe, and this shift becomes more pronounced with distance from the observer, this light displays in the infrared range.
:"Science
 
:It works, bitches."
 
  
And on the back of the t-shirt is the drawing of the graph from the comic (with a little more details, and without the text written on the front of the shirt)
+
The title text praises viewers who can identify where this equation and corresponding graph come from (without consulting this wiki, of course).
  
On the xkcd store there is both an '''explanation for the title:'''
+
===Official T-shirt explanation===
{{w|Science}}: We finally figured out that you could separate fact from {{w|superstition}} by a completely radical method: {{w|observation}}. You can try things, measure them, and see how they work! {{w|Bitch (insult)|Bitches}}.  
+
This comic was made into a T-shirt, but is no longer available.
  
And specifically an '''explanation for the graph:'''
+
On the xkcd store, there was both an '''explanation for the title:'''
The graph on the back of the shirt is data from the{{w|Cosmic Background Explorer|COBE mission}}, which looked at the {{w|cosmic microwave background radiation|background microwave glow of the universe}} and found that it fit perfectly with the idea that the universe used to be really hot everywhere. This strongly reinforced the {{w|Big Bang theory}} and was one of the most dramatic examples of an experiment agreeing with a theory in history -- the data points fit perfectly, with error bars too small to draw on the graph. It's one of the most triumphant scientific results in history.
+
<!-- Begin Quote DO NOT CORRECT This is a copy paste from xkcd with errors.-->
The only Wiki link that was actually part o the original text on xkcd in the above two excerpts, is the one to the COBE mission. But the link on xkcd is now "broken" since there are now several other {{w|COBE|wiki pages with COBE}} in them.
+
Science: We finally figured out that you could separate fact from superstition by a completely radical method: observation. You can try things, measure them, and see how they work! {{w|Bitch (insult)|Bitches}}.  
 +
<!-- End Quote DO NOT CORRECT -->
  
The solid line represents the theoretical {{w|blackbody radiation|radiation for a blackbody}} at 2.73 K according to {{w|Planck's Law}} (derived as early as 1900 by {{w|Max Planck}}). The theory is that the blackbody in question was in fact the universe at the point when it had cooled down enough {{w|Decoupling (cosmology)|to allow photons to escape}}, and the fact that this light is in the infrared is due to the {{w|redshift}} which becomes stronger the further apart astronomical objects are from each other, due to the expansion of the universe; The back-ground radiation "light" has been traveling since "close" (380,000 years) to the beginning of the universe, so that which is reaching us right now came from very far indeed (13.8 billion light years minus the 0.00038 billion light years, so it was pretty close in comparison).
+
And specifically an '''explanation for the graph:'''
 +
<!-- Begin Quote DO NOT CORRECT This is a copy paste from xkcd with errors.-->
 +
The graph on the back of the shirt is data from the {{w|COBE|COBE mission}} which looked at the background microwave glow of the universe and found that it fit perfectly with the idea that the universe used to be really hot everywhere. This strongly reinforced the Big Bang theory and was one of the most dramatic examples of an experiment agreeing with a theory in history -- the data points fit perfectly, with error bars too small to draw on the graph. It's one of the most triumphant scientific results in history.
 +
<!-- End Quote DO NOT CORRECT -->
  
The title text praises viewers who can identify where this equation and corresponding graph come from (without consulting this wiki, of course).
+
The above is a direct copy paste, with errors. The current wiki page of the COBE mission can be found at {{w|Cosmic Background Explorer}} on {{w|Main Page|Wikipedia}}.
  
 
==Transcript==
 
==Transcript==
:[Graph of cosmic microwave background radiation: Y axis is energy density, X axis is frequency in GHz. Energy density peaks at 160.4 GHz.]
+
:[A graph with a curve that begins at zero, then peaks at a given frequency, indicated via a thin vertical line, and then fades down towards zero. It is possible to see the data points, which fit the curve perfectly. The y-axis is labelled. Along the x-axis, the zero point and the frequency where the peak has its maximum are labelled and close to the arrow the unit of this axis is written.]
:I(f) = ((2hf^3)/(c^2))*(1/(e^(hf/(kT))-1))
+
:y-axis: Energy Density
 +
:Along the x-axis:
 +
::0
 +
::160.4  
 +
::GHz
 +
:[Above the graph to the right is the following formula, with the last inner parentheses only included to make the formula clear, since in the drawing the fractions are written above and below horizontal lines:]
 +
:I(f) = (2hf<sup>3</sup>/c<sup>2</sup>)(1/(e<sup>hf/kT</sup>-1))
 +
:[Below the graph is written the following:]
 
:'''Science.'''
 
:'''Science.'''
 
:It works, bitches.
 
:It works, bitches.
  
 
==Trivia==
 
==Trivia==
*This is the 48th comic originally posted to livejournal. The previous comic was [[50: Penny Arcade]], the next is [[51: Malaria]].
+
*This was the 48th comic originally posted to [[LiveJournal]].
*This comic is available on a t-shirt at [http://store.xkcd.com/products/science-works the xkcd store].
+
**The previous was [[50: Penny Arcade]].
 +
**The next was [[51: Malaria]].
 +
*This comic kept its original title: "Science"
 +
**It is part of the last six comics on LiveJournal that all had a title without the word "Drawing" in it.
 +
**Five of these had exactly the same title on both sites.
 +
**Only 11 comics have the same title on both sites.
 +
**Apart from the [[:Category:First day on LiveJournal|thirteen first comics]] posted to LiveJournal, there were only three other comics without the word "Drawing" in the title before these last six.
 +
*Original [[Randall]] quote: "Bonus points if you can identify the science in question."
 +
**Only difference between this and the title text on xkcd is the last period: "."
 +
**It is rare that these two texts are so similar.
 +
*This comic was one of the last 11 comics posted on LiveJournal.
 +
**These 11 comics were [[:Category:Posted on LiveJournal after xkcd|posted both on LiveJournal and xkcd]] after the [[xkcd]] site opened on the 1st of January 2006.
 +
**The first six comics were posted on both sites on the same day. But not this one.
 +
*For some reason, this comic was first posted a week later on xkcd (25 January 2006), on the day that [[53: Hobby]] was released on LiveJournal.
 +
**On the day 54: Science was released on LiveJournal (18 January 2006), another comic ([[51: Malaria]]) was released on xkcd.
 +
**[[51: Malaria]] also became the next comic released on LiveJournal, but this meant that three comics in a row were posted a release day earlier on xkcd than on LiveJournal.
 +
**Only with the last comic released on LiveJournal, [[55: Useless]], did the two sites release the same comic on the same day again.
 +
* "It works, bitches" has been quoted by Richard Dawklins in 2013, when questioned on the superiority of science. It is not sure whether he was quoting xkcd, though. See https://www.theverge.com/2013/4/2/4173576/richard-dawkins-on-science-it-works-bitches
  
 
{{comic discussion}}
 
{{comic discussion}}
 +
 
[[Category:Comics posted on livejournal| 48]]
 
[[Category:Comics posted on livejournal| 48]]
 
[[Category:Posted on LiveJournal after xkcd]]
 
[[Category:Posted on LiveJournal after xkcd]]
[[Category:Charts]]
+
[[Category:Line graphs]]
 +
[[Category:Analysis]]
 
[[Category:Math]]
 
[[Category:Math]]
 
[[Category:Physics]]
 
[[Category:Physics]]
 
[[Category:Science]]
 
[[Category:Science]]

Revision as of 18:38, 29 May 2020

Science
Bonus points if you can identify the science in question
Title text: Bonus points if you can identify the science in question

Explanation

The solid line represents the theoretical radiation for a blackbody at 2.73 K according to Planck's Law (derived as early as 1900 by Max Planck). The formula, almost as written in the graph, can be found here. The only changes are that on Wikipedia, the frequency f is represented by the Greek letter ν (nu) and the temperature T is included as an independent variable, so I(f) becomes I(v,T). However, I(v,T) still represents the spectral radiance (similar to energy density). In this formula, h is the Planck constant, c is the speed of light in a vacuum, and k is the Boltzmann constant. The frequency (f or v) along the x-axis is measured in gigahertz. The curve peaks at 160.4 GHz. There is no scale or unit on the energy density on the y-axis.

The theory is that the blackbody in question was the universe at the point when it had cooled down enough to allow photons to escape, 0.38 million years into its 13.8 billion years history. The photons that reach us today are the ones that have been travelling to us at lightspeed since then. As the light from astronomical objects suffers from redshift due to the expansion of the universe, and this shift becomes more pronounced with distance from the observer, this light displays in the infrared range.

The title text praises viewers who can identify where this equation and corresponding graph come from (without consulting this wiki, of course).

Official T-shirt explanation

This comic was made into a T-shirt, but is no longer available.

On the xkcd store, there was both an explanation for the title:

Science: We finally figured out that you could separate fact from superstition by a completely radical method: observation. You can try things, measure them, and see how they work! Bitches. 

And specifically an explanation for the graph:

The graph on the back of the shirt is data from the COBE mission which looked at the background microwave glow of the universe and found that it fit perfectly with the idea that the universe used to be really hot everywhere. This strongly reinforced the Big Bang theory and was one of the most dramatic examples of an experiment agreeing with a theory in history -- the data points fit perfectly, with error bars too small to draw on the graph. It's one of the most triumphant scientific results in history.

The above is a direct copy paste, with errors. The current wiki page of the COBE mission can be found at Cosmic Background Explorer on Wikipedia.

Transcript

[A graph with a curve that begins at zero, then peaks at a given frequency, indicated via a thin vertical line, and then fades down towards zero. It is possible to see the data points, which fit the curve perfectly. The y-axis is labelled. Along the x-axis, the zero point and the frequency where the peak has its maximum are labelled and close to the arrow the unit of this axis is written.]
y-axis: Energy Density
Along the x-axis:
0
160.4
GHz
[Above the graph to the right is the following formula, with the last inner parentheses only included to make the formula clear, since in the drawing the fractions are written above and below horizontal lines:]
I(f) = (2hf3/c2)(1/(ehf/kT-1))
[Below the graph is written the following:]
Science.
It works, bitches.

Trivia

  • This was the 48th comic originally posted to LiveJournal.
  • This comic kept its original title: "Science"
    • It is part of the last six comics on LiveJournal that all had a title without the word "Drawing" in it.
    • Five of these had exactly the same title on both sites.
    • Only 11 comics have the same title on both sites.
    • Apart from the thirteen first comics posted to LiveJournal, there were only three other comics without the word "Drawing" in the title before these last six.
  • Original Randall quote: "Bonus points if you can identify the science in question."
    • Only difference between this and the title text on xkcd is the last period: "."
    • It is rare that these two texts are so similar.
  • This comic was one of the last 11 comics posted on LiveJournal.
  • For some reason, this comic was first posted a week later on xkcd (25 January 2006), on the day that 53: Hobby was released on LiveJournal.
    • On the day 54: Science was released on LiveJournal (18 January 2006), another comic (51: Malaria) was released on xkcd.
    • 51: Malaria also became the next comic released on LiveJournal, but this meant that three comics in a row were posted a release day earlier on xkcd than on LiveJournal.
    • Only with the last comic released on LiveJournal, 55: Useless, did the two sites release the same comic on the same day again.
  • "It works, bitches" has been quoted by Richard Dawklins in 2013, when questioned on the superiority of science. It is not sure whether he was quoting xkcd, though. See https://www.theverge.com/2013/4/2/4173576/richard-dawkins-on-science-it-works-bitches


comment.png add a comment! ⋅ comment.png add a topic (use sparingly)! ⋅ Icons-mini-action refresh blue.gif refresh comments!

Discussion

It's also commonly called "Microwave Background Radiation" because where the radiation peaks at 160.4 GHz is in the microwave range of the electromagnetic spectrum. --Dangerkeith3000 (talk) 18:02, 13 March 2013 (UTC)

Error - Inverted graph!

Am I the only one who came here confused because the graph is wrong? The shape of the graph is clearly that of blackbody radiation - on a wavelength axis! However Randall titles the axis GHz (pointing right) which is the inverse of wavelength (of course on a wavelength axis, the curve should not extend down to zero). But look up the graph on Wikipedia, and notice that it's on a wavelength scale and looks exactly like this - even better, google "black body radiation" images, and notice how ~95% of them show the radiation on a wavelength scale for some reason. But scroll down, and eventually you'll see one on a frequency scale. It looks quite different! Also, the blackbody radiation is known for its rather sharp high frequency cutoff (or low wavelength), which Randall accidentally got inverted here, and placed at zero... It shows much more dramatically on frequency axis, which is why you can very clearly see that this graph is NOT a radiation graph on a frequency axis - it goes on to infinity. Anyway, sorry for the rant - but it's Science bitches, and axis' matter! Especially if you are going to invert one of them! - Richard 162.158.134.16 22:56, 28 June 2018 (UTC)

I don't think it's inverted. We are not plotting against -wavelength but 1/wavelength, so it's plausible to have the sharp drop on the left. I haven't plotted it for myself, but see for example https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-plot-of-the-intensity-of-the-radiation-of-a-blackbody-versus-frequency-for-temperatures_fig2_259735413. 172.70.250.231 14:30, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

Title Text Meaning

As can easily be seen from the page's history, Dgbrt and I have been locked in a minor edit war over the meaning of the title text. I claim that Randall is simply complimenting the readers who happen to know what the formula and curve mean. Dgbrt thinks otherwise; I will let him explain his interpretation.

Please add to this discussion so we may come to a consensus on its meaning. Thanks. --Quicksilver (talk) 23:18, 25 August 2013 (UTC)

Glad to oblige. I think we need to draw a distinction between what Randall means and what some people might like him to mean. Many people don't agree that the universe started with a Big Bang, whether because they're cosmologists who support an alternative scientific theory, or because they're young earth Creationists who hold that God created the universe about 6000 years ago, or because they're philosophers who hold it self-evident that something can't come out of nothing, or for whatever reason.

Now, I'm not going to say which of those (if any) I believe, because it really doesn't matter in this context - and neither is it important (in this context) what Quicksilver or Dgbrt believes. What we have to keep clear in our minds is that this site is about explaining the cartoons, not projecting particular philosophical standpoints onto Randall's mildly ambiguous phrasing. (When he wrote it, I doubt very much whether he realised he was writing ambiguously.)

The xkcd series, throughout its history, shows not only Randall's firm belief in the scientific method for establishing plausible explanations of the way the universe works, but also his antipathy towards historical explanations that seem to be at odds with observable evidence and even historical record. See #803 and #1255 for obvious examples.

Given Randall's known love of science and the absence of any firm clues that he was being heavily ironic and running massively against type, I think we have to conclude that he was either praising those who could identify the science he was talking about, or just possibly was trying to cause a Wikipedia search spike! --BinaryDigit (talk) 07:17, 8 April 2014 (UTC)


So no one's gotten the bonus points yet?! He was asking to identify the science in question. When he says "It works", I'm sure he was not meaning that blackbody radiation works. This graph was the key to one of the biggest leaps in human understanding.--ChrisfromHouston (talk) 06:23, 8 September 2014 (UTC)

He meant that Science in general works. And this is just an example that proves this point. And he has explained what the graph is on his own page in the shop. --Kynde (talk) 20:16, 30 April 2015 (UTC)

Is the description supposed to say 273 Kelvin? I don't see the significance of 2.73 Kelvin.

-- Terry  172.70.178.49 (talk) 23:38, 17 August 2022 (please sign your comments with ~~~~)