Editing 1732: Earth Temperature Timeline
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+ | ==Explanation== | ||
{{TOC}} | {{TOC}} | ||
− | + | {{incomplete|[[#Table of all elements|Table for explanations]] now ready to be filled out. Please remove this tag only when everything is explained.}} | |
− | + | In the past 100 years, human action produced lots of {{w|CO₂ emissions}}, which have caused a rise in average global temperature through the {{w|greenhouse effect}}. This is called {{w|global warming}} and is part of a {{w|climate change}}, a subject that has become a [[:Category:Climate change|recurrent subject]] on xkcd. There are still many people who claim that this is not happening, or at least that it is not caused by any human actions, called "climate change deniers". One argument of theirs is that global warming is happening for natural causes, summarized with the phrase "temperature has changed before". This comic is a direct, but much more thorough, follow up on the previous global warming comic: [[1379: 4.5 Degrees]]. | |
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− | This comic | ||
− | + | This comic shows that while temperature changes have indeed occurred before, the speed of the current temperature rise is much, much faster than those seen (actually: estimated) in the previous thousands of years. | |
− | + | This comic is a [[:Category:Timelines|timeline]] on how the temperature has changed since 20,000 BCE to the present day and extrapolated 84 years on from present day of the release of the comic (2016) to 2100 depending on the choice of actions to stop CO₂ emission that is taken now or never. It is meant to contrast the slow-paced natural changes with the rapid temperature rise in the recent years. The effect is achieved by forcing the reader to scroll endlessly through slow, building-up changes and then face them with an almost instantaneous, quick rise towards the end. The temperature curve is a dotted line most of the time, but from about 1850 to present day (2016) the measurement data is good enough to let the curve become a solid line indicating that this is not an estimate. Before 1850 the temperature is an estimate bases on the [[#Sources|sources]] given. And likewise into the future the curve is also dotted as this is predictions. And here there are even three possible outcomes depending on how seriously politicians and other influential people (and the population of Earth) take knowledge (and comics) like this. | |
− | + | Below in the [[#Table of all elements|table]] each entry will be noted and explained (in time). This is one of the comics where Randall cites his [[#Sources|sources]] like he did for one of his other very large comics [[980: Money]]. | |
− | + | The title text compares the saying that "the temperature has changed before" comparing temperature changes over thousands of years to the rapid global warming over the last century with saying that the "small" changes to the temperature a car experiences over the years of normal usage should not make you worried over the rapid temperature increase that happens when someone burns your car. A related joke was used recently in [[1693: Oxidation]]. | |
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===Table of all elements=== | ===Table of all elements=== | ||
− | *Here is table | + | *Here is table (to be filled out) of all elements with explanations including reading of temperature and year for each event from the curve. |
+ | *Table ready for use: | ||
**The year group is just an easy way to find the section. | **The year group is just an easy way to find the section. | ||
− | + | **The actual year of an event should be read off more precisely on the chart. | |
− | **The actual year of an event | + | ***Suggestion for doing this: |
− | *** | + | ***Top part of element |
− | *** | + | ***Central part of element |
− | *** | + | ***Other? |
− | ** | + | **Element is a description mainly taken from the transcript. Feel free to remove redundant information, but the guess was that getting the table ready was the most important feature for getting the explanation started. |
− | ** | + | **T (°C) should be read of for the curve for every element. |
− | + | **Explanation explains it self. | |
− | **Explanation | + | {| class="wikitable" |
− | {| class="wikitable | ||
!Year group | !Year group | ||
!Element | !Element | ||
Line 54: | Line 40: | ||
!Explanation | !Explanation | ||
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− | | rowspan="2"| 20000 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="2"| 20000 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | [An arrow goes from the dotted line to the central line at 0°C | + | | [An arrow goes from the dotted line to the central line at 0°C. In the middle of the line there is a temperature label:] 4.3°C<br>At the start of our timeline, 22,000 years ago, Earth is 4°C colder than during the late 20<sup>th</sup> century. || 20000 BCE || -4.3 || The temperature at the beginning of the chart compared to the average from 1961-1990 that we compare temperatures with today. |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Boston is buried under almost a mile of ice, and the glaciers reach as far south as New York City.<br> [The Statue of Liberty is shown in front of a glacier front. A guy with a white knit cap is seen walking in a snowy landscape. The skyline of Boston is shown under a half a mile of ice.] || 19700 BCE || -4.3 || The Boston image is directly taken from [[1225: Ice Sheets]] about the ice age glacier coverage and the guy with the white knit cap could be the guy from [[1321: Cold]] also about global warming. It shows what a difference 4 degree in global temperature means (massive effect), as opposed to what four degree means on a daily weather wise scale (nothing!). | |
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− | | rowspan="3"| 19500 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="3"| 19500 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | But the world is about to warm up. || | + | | But the world is about to warm up. || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | By this time, humans have already spread across | + | | By this time, humans have already spread across Africa, Eurasia, and Australia. || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | They’ve created | + | | They’ve created painting, pottery, rope, and bows and arrows, but haven’t developed writing or farming. || || || |
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− | | rowspan="2"| 19000 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="2"| 19000 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | Changes in the Earth’s orbit mean that more sunlight reaches the polar ice… || | + | | Changes in the Earth’s orbit mean that more sunlight reaches the polar ice… || || || '''Last North American '''Pokémon go''' extinct — as prehistoric [[Megan]] states, this is not a real fact. Pokémon are still thriving throughout the entire world (see [[1705: Pokémon Go]]), and are most commonly found near regions of dense human habitation. |
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− | | [A line chart with a labeled Y-axis "Summer sun W/m<sup>2</sup> at 60°N" with three labeled ticks ranging from 450-550. The curve starts up and then goes down five times and up four times ending down. There is one plateau towards the end compared to the rest of the curve where the ups and downs are quite alike.] || | + | | [A line chart with a labeled Y-axis "Summer sun W/m<sup>2</sup> at 60°N" with three labeled ticks ranging from 450-550. The curve starts up and then goes down five times and up four times ending down. There is one plateau towards the end compared to the rest of the curve where the ups and downs are quite alike.] || || || |
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− | | rowspan="1"| 18500 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="1"| 18500 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | [A map of the world. At the top is a light gray area covering | + | | [A map of the world. At the top is a light gray area covering North America, Greenland and northern Europe and most of the northern part of Russia. A similar gray area covers Antarctica. The gray areas are labeled as ice.] || || || |
+ | |||
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− | | rowspan="1"| 18000 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="1"| 18000 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | …And the ice sheets start to melt. || | + | | …And the ice sheets start to melt. || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | rowspan="1"| 17500 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="1"| 17500 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | Temperatures have been creeping upward, but around this point, CO<sub>2</sub> levels start to climb…|| | + | | Temperatures have been creeping upward, but around this point, CO<sub>2</sub> levels start to climb…|| || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | rowspan="1"| 17000 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="1"| 17000 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | …And then the warming speeds up. | | + | | …And then the warming speeds up. || || || |
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− | | rowspan="1"| 16500 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="1"| 16500 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | [Cueball is standing with a spear just the right of the graph talking to a rabbit.]<br>Cueball: Still pretty cold. || | + | | [Cueball is standing with a spear just the right of the graph talking to a rabbit.]<br>Cueball: Still pretty cold. || || || |
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− | | rowspan="2"| 16000 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="2"| 16000 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | [Megan | + | | [Megan points to the graph to the right of her and between her and Ponytail standing on the other side. Mean is the first drawing on the left side of the dotted curve, which has hardly moved since the beginning, only to just on the other side of 4°C.] || || || |
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− | | [In the right part of the chart is an explanation of the data. Below the first two lines there are four drawings each showing possible temperature swings in reality compared to the smoothed data that represents the dotted curve of the entire chart. The dotted curve is shown in all four drawings and a thin line is shown running along it but with much more fluctuation left and right on the first two, a large spike right on the third and a large bump way right on the fourth. Above these there are two labels. The first labels is inside a bracket that covers the first three, and the last label is for the last drawing. Below is a list of sources.] <br>Limits of this data: <br> Short warming or cooling spikes might be “smoothed out” by these reconstructions but only if they’re small or brief enough. <br> Possible Unlikely<br>Reconstructions are from Shakun (2012) and Marcott (2013), scaled to Annan + Hargreaves (2013) estimate for the last glacial period. || | + | | [In the right part of the chart is an explanation of the data. Below the first two lines there are four drawings each showing possible temperature swings in reality compared to the smoothed data that represents the dotted curve of the entire chart. The dotted curve is shown in all four drawings and a thin line is shown running along it but with much more fluctuation left and right on the first two, a large spike right on the third and a large bump way right on the fourth. Above these there are two labels. The first labels is inside a bracket that covers the first three, and the last label is for the last drawing. Below is a list of sources.] <br>Limits of this data: <br> Short warming or cooling spikes might be “smoothed out” by these reconstructions but only if they’re small or brief enough. <br> Possible Unlikely<br>Reconstructions are from Shakun (2012) and Marcott (2013), scaled to Annan + Hargreaves (2013) estimate for the last glacial period. || || || |
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− | | rowspan="1"| 15500 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="1"| 15500 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | In what is now | + | | In what is now France, humans paint murals on the walls of the Lascaux caves <br> [Hairy paints three animals, two with horns, and two humans, Cueball holding hand with Hairy who has a spear. On the other side of the central line Megan writes three letters, the last of which is reversed:] NIИ || || || |
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− | | rowspan="1"| 15000 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="1"| 15000 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | Ice sheets around | + | | Ice sheets around Alaska shrink, exposing a land bridge between Asia and North America <br> [From around the bottom if this section and down to 11500 BCE the dotted curve moved steadily to the right towards warmed temperature peaking close to -1.5°C. Before this the temperature had not moved much away from that at the start.] || || || |
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− | | rowspan="1"| 14500 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="1"| 14500 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | [Cueball walks right looking back at the graph behind him. Megan walks in front of him pointing further right.]<br> Cueball: Cool. | + | | [Cueball walks right looking back at the graph behind him. Megan walks in front of him pointing further right.]<br>| Cueball: Cool. || || || |
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− | | rowspan="2"| 14000 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="2"| 14000 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | The edge of the ice withdraws from | + | | The edge of the ice withdraws from New York City and retreats North. || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | [A large glacier front speaks in a speech bubble with an arrow pointing at it. Behind is there are four peaks in the horizon and in front of it three small melting pools and some rocks on the ground.] <br> Glacier: ''That’s | + | | [A large glacier front speaks in a speech bubble with an arrow pointing at it. Behind is there are four peaks in the horizon and in front of it three small melting pools and some rocks on the ground.] <br> Glacier: ''That’s it1 I’m moving to Canada!'' || || || |
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− | | rowspan="2"| 13500 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="2"| 13500 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | Humans domesticate dogs <br> (Date uncertain, may be much earlier) || | + | | Humans domesticate dogs <br> (Date uncertain, may be much earlier) || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | || [Megan and Cueball is watching a wolf looking at them.]<br>Megan: Okay, you can live in our homes and we’ll feed you, but we’ll still get mad | + | || [Megan and Cueball is watching a wolf looking at them.]<br>Megan: Okay, you can live in our homes and we’ll feed you, but we’ll still get mad f you poop on the floor. <br> Wolf: Deal. <br> Cueball: And we get to breed you to be tiny and dress you in little costumes <br>Wolf: …Wait. || || || |
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− | | rowspan="2"| 13000 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="2"| 13000 <small>BCE</small> |
− | + | | Woolly Rhino goes extinct || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Oregon is scoured by huge floods as glacial dams burst and lakes of meltwater flow to the sea || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | rowspan="1"| 12500 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="1"| 12500 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | Ice sheets withdraw from Chicago || | + | | Ice sheets withdraw from Chicago || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | rowspan="1"| 12000 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="1"| 12000 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | Humans settle | + | | Humans settle Abu Hureyra in Syria || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | rowspan="1"| 11500 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="1"| 11500 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | [An arrow on the left side of the dotted curve is pointing down along the dotted curve and to the left indicate temperature is declining again, meaning the dotted curve now moves left to colder temperatures. This only continues until 10500 BCE. It is only the second time something is noted on the left side after Megan at 16000 BCE] <br> Temperatures start to decline, mainly in the Northern hemisphere<br> This may be caused by changes in ocean circulation due to the floods of cold fresh meltwater flowing into the Atlantic as the North American ice sheet melts. <br> This cooler period is called the | + | | [An arrow on the left side of the dotted curve is pointing down along the dotted curve and to the left indicate temperature is declining again, meaning the dotted curve now moves left to colder temperatures. This only continues until 10500 BCE. It is only the second time something is noted on the left side after Megan at 16000 BCE] <br> Temperatures start to decline, mainly in the Northern hemisphere<br> This may be caused by changes in ocean circulation due to the floods of cold fresh meltwater flowing into the Atlantic as the North American ice sheet melts. <br> This cooler period is called the Younger Dryas || || || |
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− | | rowspan="1"| 11000 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="1"| 11000 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | [This is the first text to the left of the dotted curve:] <br> Humans reach | + | | [This is the first text to the left of the dotted curve:] <br> Humans reach Argentina || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | rowspan="2"| 10500 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="2"| 10500 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | [An arrow pointing down along the right side of the dotted curve and to the right indicate temperature is increasing again, meaning the dotted curve now moves right to hotter temperatures. This continues until 8000 BCE where it levels out just above | + | | [An arrow pointing down along the right side of the dotted curve and to the right indicate temperature is increasing again, meaning the dotted curve now moves right to hotter temperatures. This continues until 8000 BCE where it levels out just above 0°C.] <br> Warming resumes || || || |
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− | | Human settlements at | + | | Human settlements at Jericho || || || |
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− | | rowspan="1"| 10000 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="1"| 10000 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | First development of | + | | First development of farming || || || |
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− | | rowspan="2"| 9500 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="2"| 9500 <small>BCE</small> |
− | + | | Saber-toothed cat goes extinct || || || | |
− | |||
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− | + | | Horses disappear from North America || || || | |
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− | | rowspan="4"| 9000 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="4"| 9000 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | | Last North American | + | | | Last North American Pokémon go extinct <br> [Cueball with a speak and Megan is looking up at this last “fact”.] <br> Megan: That is not a real fact. || || || |
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− | | Temperatures reach modern levels || | + | | Temperatures reach modern levels || || || |
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− | | Rising seas cut off the | + | | Rising seas cut off the land bridge between North America and Asia || || || |
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− | + | | Cattle domesticated || || || | |
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− | | rowspan="2"| 8500 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="2"| 8500 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | Ice sheets retreat across the Canadian border || | + | | Ice sheets retreat across the Canadian border || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Temperatures start to level out slightly above 1961-1990 levels || | + | | Temperatures start to level out slightly above 1961-1990 levels || || || |
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− | | rowspan="1"| 8000 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="1"| 8000 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | [The above sentence breaks over the 8000 <small>BCE</small> line. From here a maximum in temperature on the chart is reached at 0.5°C | + | | [The above sentence breaks over the 8000 <small>BCE</small> line. From here a maximum in temperature on the chart is reached at 0.5°C which will not be overtaken until 2000 CE. It stays almost constant here until 5000 BCE where a slight cooling begins.] || || || |
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− | | rowspan="2"| 7500 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="2"| 7500 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | This warm, stable period is called the | + | | This warm, stable period is called the Holocene Climate Optimum || || || |
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− | + | | Jiahu settled in China || || || | |
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− | | rowspan="2"| 7000 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="2"| 7000 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | Final collapse of the North American ice sheet leads to rapid 2-4m sea level rise… || | + | | Final collapse of the North American ice sheet leads to rapid 2-4m sea level rise… || || || |
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− | | [A small arrow points down and left to the right of the dotted curve. There is a small decrease in temperature but it is very small and would have been missed without the arrow and label.] <br>…And a period of cooling in the Northern hemisphere || | + | | [A small arrow points down and left to the right of the dotted curve. There is a small decrease in temperature but it is very small and would have been missed without the arrow and label.] <br>…And a period of cooling in the Northern hemisphere || || || |
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− | | rowspan="1"| 6500 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="1"| 6500 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | As seas rise to near their modern levels, Britain is cut off from mainland Europe | | + | | As seas rise to near their modern levels, Britain is cut off from mainland Europe || || || |
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− | | rowspan="1"| 6000 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="1"| 6000 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | Humans develop copper metalworking || | + | | Humans develop copper metalworking || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | rowspan="2"| 5500 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="2"| 5500 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | Massive volcanic eruption in | + | | Massive volcanic eruption in Oregon creates crater lake || || || |
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− | + | | Gold metalworking || || || | |
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− | | rowspan="2"| 5000 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="2"| 5000 <small>BCE</small> |
− | + | | Invention of the wheel || || || | |
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− | | [To the right of the dotted curve is an arrow pointing down and slightly left. From here temperature decreases very slowly but steadily from 0.5°C | + | | [To the right of the dotted curve is an arrow pointing down and slightly left. From here temperature decreases very slowly but steadily from 0.5°C until 1000 BCE where a stable plateau is reached around 0°C.] <br> Earth begins to cool slowly mainly due to regular cycles in its orbit || || || |
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− | | rowspan="3"| 4500 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="3"| 4500 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | | + | | Proto-Indo-European language develops || || || |
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− | | [To the right of the curve Ponytail holds up a hand towards Cueball.]<br> Ponytail: Let’s make | + | | [To the right of the curve Ponytail holds up a hand towards Cueball.]<br> Ponytail: Let’s make out language heavily inflected, so future students have to memorize a zillion verb endings!<br> Cueball: Okay! || || ||[[Ponytail]] refers to [[1709: Inflection]]. |
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− | | Permanent settlements in the | + | | Permanent settlements in the fertile crescent || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | rowspan="2"| 4000 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="2"| 4000 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | Horses domesticated || | + | | Horses domesticated || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Minoan culture arises on Crete || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | rowspan="4"| 3500 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="4"| 3500 <small>BCE</small> |
− | + | | Egyptian mummification || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Rise of the | + | | Rise of the Indus Valley civilization || || || |
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− | | Invention of | + | | Invention of writing in Sumer “prehistory” ends, “history” begins || || || |
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− | | Earliest human whose name we know (Pharaoh | + | | Earliest human whose name we know (Pharaoh Iry-Hor in Egypt) || || || |
+ | |||
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− | | rowspan="5"| 3000 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="5"| 3000 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | | + | | ''Three Sovereigns and five emperors'' period in China || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | Glgamesh || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Imhotep || || || | |
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− | + | | Mayan culture emerges || || || | |
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− | + | | Great Pyramid constructed || || || | |
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− | | rowspan="3"| 2500 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="3"| 2500 <small>BCE</small> |
− | + | | Corded Ware culture in Europe || || || | |
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− | | [To the left of the curve two rock musicians with long hair and electrical guitars are standing on either side of a small gate made of three slabs of stone, one on top of the other two standing stones.] <br> | + | | [To the left of the curve two rock musicians with long hair and electrical guitars are standing on either side of a small gate made of three slabs of stone, one on top of the other two standing stones.] <br> Stonehenge completed || 2250 || || The drawing is a reference to the 1984 movie "This is Spinal Tap" (A documentary/parody featuring the fake metal band "Spinal Tap", http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088258/), the musicians order a Stone Henge prop for the stage, which turns out to be too small (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qAXzzHM8zLw) |
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− | + | | Chariots developed || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | rowspan="3"| 2000 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="3"| 2000 <small>BCE</small> |
− | + | | Alphabetic writing developed in Egypt || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Last | + | | Last mammoths on a tiny Siberian island go extinct || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Minoan eruption || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | rowspan="5"| 1500 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="5"| 1500 <small>BCE</small> |
− | + | | Iron smelting || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Olmec civilization develops in Central America || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | [A Trojan horse with two Cueball-like guys in front and a third standing on its back. Its back is at three Cueball’s height and its head rises to the level of the Cueball on its back. It stands on a platform with four wheel on the visible side. There is text on the horse]<br> Setting of the '' | + | | [A Trojan horse with two Cueball-like guys in front and a third standing on its back. Its back is at three Cueball’s height and its head rises to the level of the Cueball on its back. It stands on a platform with four wheel on the visible side. There is text on the horse]<br> Setting of the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey''<br> Text on horse: Not a trap || || || |
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− | | Invasion of the | + | | Invasion of the Sea peoples* <br>* A real thing || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Polynesians explore the Pacific Ocean || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | rowspan="8"| 1000 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="8"| 1000 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | [From 1000 BBC to 1000 CE the temperature is stable and very close to | + | | [From 1000 BBC to 1000 CE the temperature is stable and very close to 0°C.] || || || |
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− | + | | Solomon || || || | |
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− | + | | Iliad and Odyssey composed || || || | |
− | |- | + | |- |
− | | Rise of | + | | Rise of Greek city-states || || || |
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− | + | | Neo-Assyrian empire || || || | |
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− | + | | First Olympics || || || | |
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− | + | | Zapotec writing in modern Mexico || || || | |
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− | + | | Confucius || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | rowspan="10"| 500 <small>BCE</small> | + | | rowspan="10"| 500 <small>BCE</small> |
− | | The stuff in the | + | | The stuff in the 300 (film)|movie ''300'', but regular speed and with more clothing || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Buddha || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Nazca Lines || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Alexander the Great || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Mayan hieroglyphics || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Ashoka the Great || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Paper invented || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Asterix || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Teotihuacán metropolis || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Julius Caesar || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | rowspan="8"|1 <small>BCE</small><br>1 <small>CE</small> | + | | rowspan="8"|1 <small>BCE</small><br>1 <small>CE</small> |
− | | [ | + | | [At the year 0, there is instead two numbers for each of the two scales before (1 BCE) and after Christ (1 CE)] || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Roman Empire || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Jesus || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | [To the left and erupting volcano.] <br> | + | | [To the left and erupting volcano.] <br> Pompeii || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Three Kingdoms period || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Gupta empire || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | Various groups take turns sacking | + | | Various groups take turns sacking Rome || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Attila the Hun || || || | |
+ | |||
|- | |- | ||
− | | rowspan="4"| 500 <small>CE</small> | + | | rowspan="4"| 500 <small>CE</small> |
− | + | | Muhammad || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Tang Dynasty || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | [An arrow to the right of the dotted curve pointing down, takes a swing far out from the curve and then bends back again. The text label next to it breaks into the next 500 period. The dotted curve stays stable at | + | | [An arrow to the right of the dotted curve pointing down, takes a swing far out from the curve and then bends back again. The text label next to it breaks into the next 500 period. The dotted curve stays stable at 0°C along this arrow.] <br> Medieval warm period in Europe and some northern regions (too regional to affect the global average much) || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Leif Eriksson || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | rowspan="7"| 1000 <small>CE</small> | + | | rowspan="7"| 1000 <small>CE</small> |
− | | [ | + | | [The dotted curve moves to the left towards lower temperature reaching a minimum around 1650 of about -0.6°C at the Little Ice Age.] || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | [ | + | | [To the left a drawing of a compass with needle pointing the black end towards north west. There are labels for the four main directions (N, S, E, W) and a label next to it:]<br> Magnetic compass navigation || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | Ghengis Khan || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Zheng He’s fleet explores Asia and Africa || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Aztec Alliance || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Printing press || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Columbus || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | rowspan="2"| 1500 <small>CE</small> | + | | rowspan="2"| 1500 <small>CE</small> |
− | + | | European Renaissance || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Shakespeare || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2"| 1600 | | rowspan="2"| 1600 | ||
− | | | + | | Newton || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | [To the right of the dotted curve there is an arrow pointing down that makes a swing in towards the curve and then back out again. | + | | [To the right of the dotted curve there is an arrow pointing down that makes a swing in towards the curve and then back out again. At -0.6°C this is the coldest it has been since 9500 BCE. It is labeled:]<br> ”Little Ice Age” || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2"| 1700 | | rowspan="2"| 1700 | ||
− | + | | Steam engines || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Unites States Independence || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="3"| 1800 | | rowspan="3"| 1800 | ||
− | + | | Industrial Revolution || || || | |
− | |||
− | |||
|- | |- | ||
− | | [After this the dotted curve becomes solid.] || | + | | Telegraphs || || || |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | [After this the dotted curve becomes solid.] || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="6"| 1900 | | rowspan="6"| 1900 | ||
− | | | + | | Airplanes || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | World Wars || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | [The solid line takes a step to the right close to | + | | [The solid line takes a step to the right close to 0°C. Over the rest of the 1900s it moves closer to 0°C crossing it before 2000 where it almost reaches the maximum temperature of 0.5 °C from earlier in 8000 BCE.] || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Fossil fuel CO<sub>2</sub> emissions start rapidly increasing || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Nuclear weapons || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | Internet || || || | |
+ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2"| 2000 | | rowspan="2"| 2000 | ||
− | + | | Northwest Passage opens || || || | |
|- | |- | ||
− | |[From here to present day the solid line increases rapidly and in 2016 | + | |[From here to present day the solid line increases rapidly and in 2016 present day is almost reaches 1°C, with about 0.8°C.] || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="3"| 2016 | | rowspan="3"| 2016 | ||
− | | | Present day || | + | | | Present day || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | [From here the curve once again becomes dotted as this is the future. After one dot it splits in two and after the first two dots another split between them occurs forming three possible future dotted curves.] || | + | | [From here the curve once again becomes dotted as this is the future. After one dot it splits in two and after the first two dots another split between them occurs forming three possible future dotted curves.] || || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | |The first curve bending down before the others, and thus to the right of the other two reaches about 1.2°C | + | |The first curve bending down before the others, and thus to the right of the other two reaches about 1.2°C and then goes straight down and stops at the 2100 line. An arrow points to it from the left and a label is written partly before and the rest after the 2100 line to the left of the curve:] <br>Best-case scenario assuming immediate massive action to limit emissions || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2"| 2100 | | rowspan="2"| 2100 | ||
− | | [The middle curve bends a little down after reaching 1.3°C | + | | [The middle curve bends a little down after reaching 1.3°C and then continues this path reaching 2°C in 2100. An arrow point from below to it and a label is written below the curve and below 2100 line:] <br> Optimistic scenario|| || || |
|- | |- | ||
− | | [The last line continues along the path from the last 16 years of the solid line reaching 4.2°C | + | | [The last line continues along the path from the last 16 years of the solid line reaching 4.2°C at 2100, almost as far on the other side of 0°C in 150 years as it took 14000 years to move from the other side from the start of the chart. Another arrow point to this from below with a label below the curve and below 2100 line:] <br> Current Path || || || |
− | |||
− | |||
|} | |} | ||
===Sources=== | ===Sources=== | ||
The image attributes climate data sources as "Shakun et al. (2012), Marcott et al. (2013), Annan and Hargreaves (2013), HadCRUT4, IPCC": | The image attributes climate data sources as "Shakun et al. (2012), Marcott et al. (2013), Annan and Hargreaves (2013), HadCRUT4, IPCC": | ||
− | * Shakun | + | * Shakun et al. (2012) - [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v484/n7392/full/nature10915.html Nature], [http://www.atm.damtp.cam.ac.uk/mcintyre/shakun-co2-temp-lag-nat12.pdf (pdf)] |
− | * Marcott | + | * Marcott et al. (2013) - [http://science.sciencemag.org/content/339/6124/1198 Science], [http://www.atm.damtp.cam.ac.uk/mcintyre/shakun-co2-temp-lag-nat12.pdf (pdf)] |
− | * Annan | + | * Annan and Hargreaves (2013) - [http://www.clim-past.net/9/367/2013/cp-9-367-2013.html Climate of the Past] [http://www.jamstec.go.jp/frsgc/research/d5/jdannan/LGM_temp.pdf (pdf)] |
− | * {{w|HadCRUT| | + | * {{w|HadCRUT#HadCRUT4 wikipedia|HadCRUT4}} - [http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut4/ Official site] |
− | * {{w| | + | * {{w|Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|IPCC}} -[http://www.ipcc.ch/ Official site] |
==Transcript== | ==Transcript== | ||
Line 440: | Line 429: | ||
:When people say “The climate has changed before,” these are the kinds of changes they’re talking about. | :When people say “The climate has changed before,” these are the kinds of changes they’re talking about. | ||
− | :[A very long chart below the headings above is headed with a label for the scale of the X-axis above the chart. Below that a sub-caption. To the left an arrow down to the top of the chart pointing to the dotted curves starting point (at -4.3°C | + | :[A very long chart below the headings above is headed with a label for the scale of the X-axis above the chart. Below that a sub-caption. To the left an arrow down to the top of the chart pointing to the dotted curves starting point (at -4.3°C) with a label above the arrow. And arrow pointing left to the left of the center and another pointing right to the right of the center has labels. Below these is the temperature scale of the X-axis, with 9 ticks between the borders each with a label ranging from -4 to +4°C, but with another step in each direction not labeled towards to axis so the chart covers -5 to +5°C.] |
:'''Temperature''' | :'''Temperature''' | ||
: <small>Compared to the 1961-1990 average</small> | : <small>Compared to the 1961-1990 average</small> | ||
Line 446: | Line 435: | ||
:Colder | :Colder | ||
:Warmer | :Warmer | ||
− | :-4°C -3°C -2°C -1°C 0°C +1°C +2°C +3°C +4°C | + | :-4°C -3°C -2°C -1°C 0°C +1°C +2°C +3°C +4°C |
:[To the right of the chart is a gray text standing on the side down along the outer boarder of the chart with the sources for the chart:] | :[To the right of the chart is a gray text standing on the side down along the outer boarder of the chart with the sources for the chart:] | ||
: <font color="gray">Source: Shakun et. al. (2012) , Marcott et. al. (2013), Annan and Hargreaves (2013) , HadCRUT<sub>4</sub>, IPCC </font> | : <font color="gray">Source: Shakun et. al. (2012) , Marcott et. al. (2013), Annan and Hargreaves (2013) , HadCRUT<sub>4</sub>, IPCC </font> | ||
− | :[The chart is split in 10 columns by the temperature scale and the borders. The two central columns are white, and then from there to the left the background becomes a faded color that changes from light blue to blue at the edge in four steps. Similarly to the right the color changes from light red to red. To the left there is a time scale taking 500 years leaps from 20,000 BCE all the way to year 1, where there are two years, one for BBC and one for CE. The 500 year leaps continue until 1500 CE and from there the steps are down to 100 years until 2100 with also present day 2016 labeled. After 1500 the CE is omitted. The labels stop there, but there is space below covering down to 2200 CE. There is clearly visible division line across the chart on the level of each of the 500 step, and fainter lines for each of the 100 steps all the way even though only the last 5 of these 100 steps are labeled. There is a similar clear line at 2016. Below each step on the Y-axis is noted, and then any text starting before the next step is noted below indented. If there are extra image belonging to text this is indented once more. The graph that the whole chart is about is a dotted line that begins at the “start” point mentioned above at -4.3°C and then begins to go straight down. It will change left and right all the way down. To being with all text and most drawings are to right of the dotted curve. Whenever something is to the left it will be noted. When it says to the left above something, and then nothing over the next, then the next will be to the right. Only at the very bottom are there more entries to the left than right. ] | + | :[The chart is split in 10 columns by the temperature scale and the borders. The two central columns are white, and then from there to the left the background becomes a faded color that changes from light blue to blue at the edge in four steps. Similarly to the right the color changes from light red to red. To the left there is a time scale taking 500 years leaps from 20,000 BCE all the way to year 1, where there are two years, one for BBC and one for CE. The 500 year leaps continue until 1500 CE and from there the steps are down to 100 years until 2100 with also present day 2016 labeled. After 1500 the CE is omitted. The labels stop there, but there is space below covering down to 2200 CE. There is clearly visible division line across the chart on the level of each of the 500 step, and fainter lines for each of the 100 steps all the way even though only the last 5 of these 100 steps are labeled. There is a similar clear line at 2016. Below each step on the Y-axis is noted, and then any text starting before the next step is noted below indented. If there are extra image belonging to text this is indented once more. The graph that the whole chart is about is a dotted line that begins at the “start” point mentioned above at -4.3°C and then begins to go straight down. It will change left and right all the way down. To being with all text and most drawings are to right of the dotted curve. Whenever something is to the left it will be noted. When it says to the left above something, and then nothing over the next, then the next will be to the right. Only at the very bottom are there more entries to the left than right. ] |
− | :20000 <small>BCE</small> | + | :20000 <small>BCE</small> |
::[An arrow goes from the dotted line to the central line at 0°C. In the middle of the line there is a temperature label:] | ::[An arrow goes from the dotted line to the central line at 0°C. In the middle of the line there is a temperature label:] | ||
::4.3°C | ::4.3°C | ||
Line 460: | Line 449: | ||
:::New York | :::New York | ||
:::Ice | :::Ice | ||
− | :::[ | + | :::[A guy with a white knit cap is seen walking in a snowy landscape leaving black footprints behind him. He walks through the white central part of the chart.] |
:::[The skyline of Boston is shown with two clear buildings among all the other. Above it is a line and in between this area has been filled with thin lines. The drawing is labeled and so is this area. Also the skyline has an arrow pointing at it with a label:] | :::[The skyline of Boston is shown with two clear buildings among all the other. Above it is a line and in between this area has been filled with thin lines. The drawing is labeled and so is this area. Also the skyline has an arrow pointing at it with a label:] | ||
:::Boston | :::Boston | ||
Line 466: | Line 455: | ||
:::Modern skyline | :::Modern skyline | ||
− | :19500 <small>BCE</small> | + | :19500 <small>BCE</small> |
::But the world is about to warm up. | ::But the world is about to warm up. | ||
::By this time, humans have already spread across Africa, Eurasia, and Australia. | ::By this time, humans have already spread across Africa, Eurasia, and Australia. | ||
::They’ve created painting, pottery, rope, and bows and arrows, but haven’t developed writing or farming. | ::They’ve created painting, pottery, rope, and bows and arrows, but haven’t developed writing or farming. | ||
− | :19000 <small>BCE</small> | + | :19000 <small>BCE</small> |
::Changes in the Earth’s orbit mean that more sunlight reaches the polar ice… | ::Changes in the Earth’s orbit mean that more sunlight reaches the polar ice… | ||
:::[A line chart with a labeled Y-axis with three labeled ticks. The curve starts up and then goes down five times and up four times ending down. There is one plateau towards the end compared to the rest of the curve where the ups and downs are quite alike.] | :::[A line chart with a labeled Y-axis with three labeled ticks. The curve starts up and then goes down five times and up four times ending down. There is one plateau towards the end compared to the rest of the curve where the ups and downs are quite alike.] | ||
Line 479: | Line 468: | ||
:::450 | :::450 | ||
− | :18500 <small>BCE</small> | + | :18500 <small>BCE</small> |
− | ::[A map of the world. At the top is a light gray area covering North America, Greenland and northern Europe and most of the northern part of Russia. A similar gray area covers Antarctica. There are two labels in the gray area above and one in the gray area below:] | + | ::[A map of the world. At the top is a light gray area covering North America, Greenland and northern Europe and most of the northern part of Russia. A similar gray area covers Antarctica. There are two labels in the gray area above and one in the gray area below:] |
::Ice Ice | ::Ice Ice | ||
::Ice | ::Ice | ||
− | :18000 <small>BCE</small> | + | :18000 <small>BCE</small> |
::…And the ice sheets start to melt. | ::…And the ice sheets start to melt. | ||
− | :17500 <small>BCE</small> | + | :17500 <small>BCE</small> |
::Temperatures have been creeping upward, but around this point, CO<sub>2</sub> levels start to climb… | ::Temperatures have been creeping upward, but around this point, CO<sub>2</sub> levels start to climb… | ||
− | :17000 <small>BCE</small> | + | :17000 <small>BCE</small> |
::…And then the warming speeds up. | ::…And then the warming speeds up. | ||
− | :16500 <small>BCE</small> | + | :16500 <small>BCE</small> |
::[Cueball is standing with a spear just the right of the graph talking to a rabbit.] | ::[Cueball is standing with a spear just the right of the graph talking to a rabbit.] | ||
::Cueball: Still pretty cold. | ::Cueball: Still pretty cold. | ||
− | :16000 <small>BCE</small> | + | :16000 <small>BCE</small> |
::[Megan points to the graph to the right of her and between her and Ponytail standing on the other side. Mean is the first drawing on the left side of the dotted curve, which has hardly moved since the beginning, only to just on the other side of 4°C.] | ::[Megan points to the graph to the right of her and between her and Ponytail standing on the other side. Mean is the first drawing on the left side of the dotted curve, which has hardly moved since the beginning, only to just on the other side of 4°C.] | ||
::[In the right part of the chart is an explanation of the data. Below the first two lines there are four drawings each showing possible temperature swings in reality compared to the smoothed data that represents the dotted curve of the entire chart. The dotted curve is shown in all four drawings and a thin line is shown running along it but with much more fluctuation left and right on the first two, a large spike right on the third and a large bump way right on the fourth. Above these there are two labels. The first labels is inside a bracket that covers the first three, and the last label is for the last drawing. Below is a list of sources.] | ::[In the right part of the chart is an explanation of the data. Below the first two lines there are four drawings each showing possible temperature swings in reality compared to the smoothed data that represents the dotted curve of the entire chart. The dotted curve is shown in all four drawings and a thin line is shown running along it but with much more fluctuation left and right on the first two, a large spike right on the third and a large bump way right on the fourth. Above these there are two labels. The first labels is inside a bracket that covers the first three, and the last label is for the last drawing. Below is a list of sources.] | ||
Line 505: | Line 494: | ||
::Reconstructions are from Shakun (2012) and Marcott (2013), scaled to Annan + Hargreaves (2013) estimate for the last glacial period. | ::Reconstructions are from Shakun (2012) and Marcott (2013), scaled to Annan + Hargreaves (2013) estimate for the last glacial period. | ||
− | :15500 <small>BCE</small> | + | :15500 <small>BCE</small> |
::In what is now France, humans paint murals on the walls of the Lascaux caves | ::In what is now France, humans paint murals on the walls of the Lascaux caves | ||
::[Hairy paints three animals, two with horns, and two humans, Cueball holding hand with Hairy who has a spear. On the other side of the central line Megan writes three letters, the last of which is reversed.] | ::[Hairy paints three animals, two with horns, and two humans, Cueball holding hand with Hairy who has a spear. On the other side of the central line Megan writes three letters, the last of which is reversed.] | ||
:::NIИ | :::NIИ | ||
− | :15000 <small>BCE</small> | + | :15000 <small>BCE</small> |
::Ice sheets around Alaska shrink, exposing a land bridge between Asia and North America | ::Ice sheets around Alaska shrink, exposing a land bridge between Asia and North America | ||
::[From around the bottom if this section and down to 11500 BCE the dotted curve moved steadily to the right towards warmed temperature peaking close to -1.5°C. Before this the temperature had not moved much away from that at the start.] | ::[From around the bottom if this section and down to 11500 BCE the dotted curve moved steadily to the right towards warmed temperature peaking close to -1.5°C. Before this the temperature had not moved much away from that at the start.] | ||
− | :14500 <small>BCE</small> | + | :14500 <small>BCE</small> |
::[Cueball walks right looking back at the graph behind him. Megan walks in front of him pointing further right.] | ::[Cueball walks right looking back at the graph behind him. Megan walks in front of him pointing further right.] | ||
::Cueball: Cool. | ::Cueball: Cool. | ||
− | |||
− | :14000 <small>BCE</small> | + | :14000 <small>BCE</small> |
::The edge of the ice withdraws from New York City and retreats North. | ::The edge of the ice withdraws from New York City and retreats North. | ||
::[A large glacier front speaks in a speech bubble with an arrow pointing at it. Behind is there are four peaks in the horizon and in front of it three small melting pools and some rocks on the ground.] | ::[A large glacier front speaks in a speech bubble with an arrow pointing at it. Behind is there are four peaks in the horizon and in front of it three small melting pools and some rocks on the ground.] | ||
− | ::Glacier: | + | ::''Glacier: That’s it1 I’m moving to Canada!'' |
− | :13500 <small>BCE</small> | + | :13500 <small>BCE</small> |
::Humans domesticate dogs | ::Humans domesticate dogs | ||
::(Date uncertain, may be much earlier) | ::(Date uncertain, may be much earlier) | ||
Line 533: | Line 521: | ||
::Wolf: …Wait. | ::Wolf: …Wait. | ||
− | :13000 <small>BCE</small> | + | :13000 <small>BCE</small> |
::[Randall did not use the normal spelling for Woolly Rhino, but this is an accepted alternative spelling:] | ::[Randall did not use the normal spelling for Woolly Rhino, but this is an accepted alternative spelling:] | ||
::Wooly Rhino goes extinct | ::Wooly Rhino goes extinct | ||
::Oregon is scoured by huge floods as glacial dams burst and lakes of meltwater flow to the sea | ::Oregon is scoured by huge floods as glacial dams burst and lakes of meltwater flow to the sea | ||
− | :12500 <small>BCE</small> | + | :12500 <small>BCE</small> |
::Ice sheets withdraw from Chicago | ::Ice sheets withdraw from Chicago | ||
− | :12000 <small>BCE</small> | + | :12000 <small>BCE</small> |
::Humans settle Abu Hureyra in Syria | ::Humans settle Abu Hureyra in Syria | ||
− | :11500 <small>BCE</small> | + | :11500 <small>BCE</small> |
::[An arrow on the left side of the dotted curve is pointing down along the dotted curve and to the left indicate temperature is declining again, meaning the dotted curve now moves left to colder temperatures. This only continues until 10500 BCE. It is only the second time something is noted on the left side after Megan at 16000 BCE] | ::[An arrow on the left side of the dotted curve is pointing down along the dotted curve and to the left indicate temperature is declining again, meaning the dotted curve now moves left to colder temperatures. This only continues until 10500 BCE. It is only the second time something is noted on the left side after Megan at 16000 BCE] | ||
::Temperatures start to decline, mainly in the Northern hemisphere | ::Temperatures start to decline, mainly in the Northern hemisphere | ||
Line 550: | Line 538: | ||
::This cooler period is called the Younger Dryas | ::This cooler period is called the Younger Dryas | ||
− | :11000 <small>BCE</small> | + | :11000 <small>BCE</small> |
::[This is the first text to the left of the dotted curve:] | ::[This is the first text to the left of the dotted curve:] | ||
::Humans reach Argentina | ::Humans reach Argentina | ||
− | :10500 <small>BCE</small> | + | :10500 <small>BCE</small> |
::[An arrow pointing down along the right side of the dotted curve and to the right indicate temperature is increasing again, meaning the dotted curve now moves right to hotter temperatures. This continues until 8000 BCE where it levels out just above 0°C.] | ::[An arrow pointing down along the right side of the dotted curve and to the right indicate temperature is increasing again, meaning the dotted curve now moves right to hotter temperatures. This continues until 8000 BCE where it levels out just above 0°C.] | ||
::Warming resumes | ::Warming resumes | ||
::Human settlements at Jericho | ::Human settlements at Jericho | ||
− | :10000 <small>BCE</small> | + | :10000 <small>BCE</small> |
::First development of farming | ::First development of farming | ||
− | :9500 <small>BCE</small> | + | :9500 <small>BCE</small> |
::Saber-toothed cat goes extinct | ::Saber-toothed cat goes extinct | ||
::[To the left:] | ::[To the left:] | ||
::Horses disappear from North America | ::Horses disappear from North America | ||
− | :9000 <small>BCE</small> | + | :9000 <small>BCE</small> |
::[To the left, Randall spelled Pokémon wrong:] | ::[To the left, Randall spelled Pokémon wrong:] | ||
:::Last North American Pokemon go extinct | :::Last North American Pokemon go extinct | ||
Line 576: | Line 564: | ||
::Cattle domesticated | ::Cattle domesticated | ||
− | :8500 <small>BCE</small> | + | :8500 <small>BCE</small> |
::Ice sheets retreat across the Canadian border | ::Ice sheets retreat across the Canadian border | ||
::Temperatures start to level out slightly above 1961-1990 levels | ::Temperatures start to level out slightly above 1961-1990 levels | ||
− | :8000 <small>BCE</small> | + | :8000 <small>BCE</small> |
::[The above sentence breaks over the 8000 <small>BCE</small> line. From here a maximum in temperature on the chart is reached at 0.5°C which will not be overtaken until 2000 CE. It stays almost constant here until 5000 BCE where a slight cooling begins.] | ::[The above sentence breaks over the 8000 <small>BCE</small> line. From here a maximum in temperature on the chart is reached at 0.5°C which will not be overtaken until 2000 CE. It stays almost constant here until 5000 BCE where a slight cooling begins.] | ||
− | :7500 <small>BCE</small> | + | :7500 <small>BCE</small> |
::[To the left:] | ::[To the left:] | ||
::This warm, stable period is called the Holocene Climate Optimum | ::This warm, stable period is called the Holocene Climate Optimum | ||
Line 589: | Line 577: | ||
::Jiahu settled in China | ::Jiahu settled in China | ||
− | :7000 <small>BCE</small> | + | :7000 <small>BCE</small> |
::Final collapse of the North American ice sheet leads to rapid 2-4m sea level rise… | ::Final collapse of the North American ice sheet leads to rapid 2-4m sea level rise… | ||
::[A small arrow points down and left to the right of the dotted curve. There is a small decrease in temperature but it is very small and would have been missed without the arrow and label.] | ::[A small arrow points down and left to the right of the dotted curve. There is a small decrease in temperature but it is very small and would have been missed without the arrow and label.] | ||
::…And a period of cooling in the Northern hemisphere | ::…And a period of cooling in the Northern hemisphere | ||
− | :6500 <small>BCE</small> | + | :6500 <small>BCE</small> |
::[To the left:] | ::[To the left:] | ||
::As seas rise to near their modern levels, Britain is cut off from mainland Europe | ::As seas rise to near their modern levels, Britain is cut off from mainland Europe | ||
− | :6000 <small>BCE</small> | + | :6000 <small>BCE</small> |
::Humans develop copper metalworking | ::Humans develop copper metalworking | ||
− | :5500 <small>BCE</small> | + | :5500 <small>BCE</small> |
::[To the left:] | ::[To the left:] | ||
::Massive volcanic eruption in Oregon creates crater lake | ::Massive volcanic eruption in Oregon creates crater lake | ||
::Gold metalworking | ::Gold metalworking | ||
− | :5000 <small>BCE</small> | + | :5000 <small>BCE</small> |
::[To the left:] | ::[To the left:] | ||
::Invention of the wheel | ::Invention of the wheel | ||
Line 612: | Line 600: | ||
::Earth begins to cool slowly mainly due to regular cycles in its orbit | ::Earth begins to cool slowly mainly due to regular cycles in its orbit | ||
− | :4500 <small>BCE</small> | + | :4500 <small>BCE</small> |
::[To the left:] | ::[To the left:] | ||
:: Proto-Indo-European language develops | :: Proto-Indo-European language develops | ||
:::[To the right of the curve Ponytail holds up a hand towards Cueball.] | :::[To the right of the curve Ponytail holds up a hand towards Cueball.] | ||
− | :::Ponytail: Let’s make | + | :::Ponytail: Let’s make out language heavily inflected, so future students have to memorize a zillion verb endings! |
:::Cueball: Okay! | :::Cueball: Okay! | ||
::[To the left:] | ::[To the left:] | ||
::Permanent settlements in the fertile crescent | ::Permanent settlements in the fertile crescent | ||
− | :4000 <small>BCE</small> | + | :4000 <small>BCE</small> |
::Horses domesticated | ::Horses domesticated | ||
::[To the left:] | ::[To the left:] | ||
::Minoan culture arises on Crete | ::Minoan culture arises on Crete | ||
− | :3500 <small>BCE</small> | + | :3500 <small>BCE</small> |
::Egyptian mummification | ::Egyptian mummification | ||
::Rise of the Indus Valley civilization | ::Rise of the Indus Valley civilization | ||
Line 634: | Line 622: | ||
::<small>(Pharaoh Iry-Hor in Egypt)</small> | ::<small>(Pharaoh Iry-Hor in Egypt)</small> | ||
− | :3000 <small>BCE</small> | + | :3000 <small>BCE</small> |
::''Three Sovereigns and five emperors'' period in China | ::''Three Sovereigns and five emperors'' period in China | ||
− | :: | + | ::Glgamesh |
::[To the left:] | ::[To the left:] | ||
::Imhotep | ::Imhotep | ||
Line 643: | Line 631: | ||
::Great Pyramid constructed | ::Great Pyramid constructed | ||
− | :2500 <small>BCE</small> | + | :2500 <small>BCE</small> |
::Corded Ware culture in Europe | ::Corded Ware culture in Europe | ||
::[To the left of the curve two rock musicians with long hair and electrical guitars are standing on either side of a small gate made of three slabs of stone, one on top of the other two standing stones.] | ::[To the left of the curve two rock musicians with long hair and electrical guitars are standing on either side of a small gate made of three slabs of stone, one on top of the other two standing stones.] | ||
Line 649: | Line 637: | ||
::Chariots developed | ::Chariots developed | ||
− | :2000 <small>BCE</small> | + | :2000 <small>BCE</small> |
::[To the left:] | ::[To the left:] | ||
::Alphabetic writing developed in Egypt | ::Alphabetic writing developed in Egypt | ||
Line 656: | Line 644: | ||
::Minoan eruption | ::Minoan eruption | ||
− | :1500 <small>BCE</small> | + | :1500 <small>BCE</small> |
::[To the left:] | ::[To the left:] | ||
::Iron smelting | ::Iron smelting | ||
Line 668: | Line 656: | ||
::Polynesians explore the Pacific Ocean | ::Polynesians explore the Pacific Ocean | ||
− | :1000 <small>BCE</small> | + | :1000 <small>BCE</small> |
::[From 1000 BBC to 1000 CE the temperature is stable and very close to 0°C.] | ::[From 1000 BBC to 1000 CE the temperature is stable and very close to 0°C.] | ||
::[To the left:] | ::[To the left:] | ||
::Solomon | ::Solomon | ||
− | :: | + | ::[Randall spelled Iliad wrongly this time:] |
+ | ::Illiad and Odyssey composed | ||
::[To the left:] | ::[To the left:] | ||
::Rise of Greek city-states | ::Rise of Greek city-states | ||
Line 682: | Line 671: | ||
::Confucius | ::Confucius | ||
− | :500 <small>BCE</small> | + | :500 <small>BCE</small> |
::[To the left:] | ::[To the left:] | ||
::The stuff in the 300 (film)|movie ''300'', but regular speed and with more clothing | ::The stuff in the 300 (film)|movie ''300'', but regular speed and with more clothing | ||
Line 701: | Line 690: | ||
:[At the year 0, there is instead two numbers for each of the two scales before and after Christ:] | :[At the year 0, there is instead two numbers for each of the two scales before and after Christ:] | ||
− | :1 <small>BCE</small> | + | :1 <small>BCE</small> |
− | :1 <small>CE</small> | + | :1 <small>CE</small> |
::[To the left:] | ::[To the left:] | ||
::Roman Empire | ::Roman Empire | ||
Line 713: | Line 702: | ||
::[To the left:] | ::[To the left:] | ||
::Various groups take turns sacking Rome | ::Various groups take turns sacking Rome | ||
− | ::Attila the Hun | + | ::[Randall spelled Attila wrong:] |
+ | ::Atilla the Hun | ||
− | :500 <small>CE</small> | + | :500 <small>CE</small> |
::Muhammad | ::Muhammad | ||
::[To the left:] | ::[To the left:] | ||
Line 724: | Line 714: | ||
::Leif Eriksson | ::Leif Eriksson | ||
− | :1000 <small>CE</small> | + | :1000 <small>CE</small> |
::[The dotted curve moves to the left towards lower temperature reaching a minimum around 1650 of about -0.6°C at the Little Ice Age.] | ::[The dotted curve moves to the left towards lower temperature reaching a minimum around 1650 of about -0.6°C at the Little Ice Age.] | ||
− | ::[To the left a drawing of a compass with needle pointing the black end towards north | + | ::[To the left a drawing of a compass with needle pointing the black end towards north west. There are labels for the four main directions and a label next to it:] |
:::<small>N</small> | :::<small>N</small> | ||
− | :::<small>W | + | :::<small>E W</small> |
:::<small>S</small> | :::<small>S</small> | ||
:::Magnetic compass navigation | :::Magnetic compass navigation | ||
::[To the left:] | ::[To the left:] | ||
− | ::Ghengis | + | ::Ghengis Khan |
::Zheng He’s fleet explores Asia and Africa | ::Zheng He’s fleet explores Asia and Africa | ||
::[To the left:] | ::[To the left:] | ||
Line 741: | Line 731: | ||
::Columbus | ::Columbus | ||
− | :1500 <small>CE</small> | + | :1500 <small>CE</small> |
::European Renaissance | ::European Renaissance | ||
::[To the left:] | ::[To the left:] | ||
Line 777: | Line 767: | ||
:2000 | :2000 | ||
::Northwest Passage opens | ::Northwest Passage opens | ||
− | + | :[From here to present day the solid line increases rapidly and in 2016 present day is almost reaches 1°C, with about 0.8°C.] | |
− | |||
:2016 | :2016 | ||
::[To the left on the line for 2016:] | ::[To the left on the line for 2016:] | ||
::Present day | ::Present day | ||
− | + | :[From here the curve once again becomes dotted as this is the future. After one dot it splits in two and after the first two dots another split between them occurs forming three possible future dotted curves. The first curve bending down before the others, and thus to the right of the other two reaches about 1.2°C and then goes straight down and stops at the 2100 line. An arrow points to it from the left and a label is written patly before and the rest after the 2100 line to the left of the curve:] | |
::Best-case scenario assuming immediate massive action to limit emissions | ::Best-case scenario assuming immediate massive action to limit emissions | ||
Line 792: | Line 781: | ||
==Trivia== | ==Trivia== | ||
− | + | *The timeline starts at 20000BCE (22,000 years ago) and ends near 2200CE, thus covering 22,200 years. | |
− | + | **The colors used to represent temperature vary from blue (the perceived hue of a black body at 20000K) to pale red (perceived at 2200K). | |
− | *The timeline starts at | + | **Since humans generally lack familiarity with extreme temperatures, blue is commonly associated with cold substances such as ice, while red is associated with hot obvious black body radiators, in contrast to the temperatures of objects which predominantly emit those wavelengths. |
*There are several spelling mistakes. | *There are several spelling mistakes. | ||
− | **Most obvious is the second time Randall wrote the word "Iliad," because he just spelled it correctly at 1500 BCE and then spelled it ''Illiad'' at 1000 BCE with two | + | **Most obvious is the second time Randall wrote the word "Iliad," because he just spelled it correctly at 1500 BCE and then spelled it ''Illiad'' at 1000 BCE with two "L"s. |
− | **Attila the Hun | + | **Attila the Hun becomes ''Atilla the Hun'' with only one t. |
− | + | **Pokémon is spelled ''Pokemon'', but then again that is not so strange for Randall (see [[1647: Diacritics]]). | |
− | **Pokémon is spelled ''Pokemon'', but then again | + | **Note that the fact that Woolly rhinoceros becomes ''Wooly rhino'' with only one l is not a spelling mistake but an alternative spelling of the word. |
− | **Note that the fact that | + | **Please add if you find more. |
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{{comic discussion}} | {{comic discussion}} | ||
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[[Category:Comics with color]] | [[Category:Comics with color]] | ||
[[Category:Large drawings]] | [[Category:Large drawings]] | ||
Line 841: | Line 808: | ||
[[Category:Science]] | [[Category:Science]] | ||
[[Category:Animals]] | [[Category:Animals]] | ||
− | [[Category:Music]] <!-- People with Guitars around Stone | + | [[Category:Music]] <!-- People with Guitars around Stone hegen --> |
[[Category:Fiction]] <!-- Iliad, Odyssey, 300 --> | [[Category:Fiction]] <!-- Iliad, Odyssey, 300 --> | ||
[[Category:Sport]] <!-- Olympics --> | [[Category:Sport]] <!-- Olympics --> | ||
− | [[Category:Religion]] <!-- Jesus, Buddha, Muhammad --> | + | [[Category:Religion]] <!-- Jesus, Buddha, Muhammad --> |
[[Category:Internet]] | [[Category:Internet]] | ||
[[Category:Pokémon]] | [[Category:Pokémon]] | ||
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