Editing 2009: Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
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==Explanation== | ==Explanation== | ||
+ | {{incomplete|Fill out the table... And somebody please get the table to fit so it doesn't make the page to zoom out. Do NOT delete this tag too soon.}} | ||
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The {{w|Hertzsprung–Russell diagram}} is a scatterplot showing absolute luminosities of stars against its effective temperature or color. It's generally used to understand a star's age. | The {{w|Hertzsprung–Russell diagram}} is a scatterplot showing absolute luminosities of stars against its effective temperature or color. It's generally used to understand a star's age. | ||
The axes are labeled in {{w|Kelvin}} (degrees {{w|Celsius}} above {{w|absolute zero}}) for {{w|effective temperature}} and, unlike many Hertzsprung–Russell diagrams, {{w|Watts}} for {{w|luminosity}}. While most Hertzsprung–Russell diagrams are labelled in units of {{w|solar luminosity}} or {{w|absolute magnitude}}, all three are perfectly valid measures of {{w|luminosity}}, which refers to the total power emitted by the star (or other body). {{w|Effective temperature}} refers to temperature of a {{w|black body}} with the same surface area and luminosity. This is meant to provide an estimate of the surface temperature of the object. | The axes are labeled in {{w|Kelvin}} (degrees {{w|Celsius}} above {{w|absolute zero}}) for {{w|effective temperature}} and, unlike many Hertzsprung–Russell diagrams, {{w|Watts}} for {{w|luminosity}}. While most Hertzsprung–Russell diagrams are labelled in units of {{w|solar luminosity}} or {{w|absolute magnitude}}, all three are perfectly valid measures of {{w|luminosity}}, which refers to the total power emitted by the star (or other body). {{w|Effective temperature}} refers to temperature of a {{w|black body}} with the same surface area and luminosity. This is meant to provide an estimate of the surface temperature of the object. | ||
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Regular Hertzsprung–Russell diagrams cover ranges of about 1,000K to 30,000K, and what is labeled on this diagram as 10<sup>21</sup> to 10<sup>33</sup> watts—i.e. the upper-left corner. Extended diagrams increase the luminosity range only to include the "Brown Dwarfs". This diagram has been extended to much lower magnitudes on both axes. The joke comes from the absurdity of a diagram meant for stars including much smaller objects, such as planets ... and astronomers. | Regular Hertzsprung–Russell diagrams cover ranges of about 1,000K to 30,000K, and what is labeled on this diagram as 10<sup>21</sup> to 10<sup>33</sup> watts—i.e. the upper-left corner. Extended diagrams increase the luminosity range only to include the "Brown Dwarfs". This diagram has been extended to much lower magnitudes on both axes. The joke comes from the absurdity of a diagram meant for stars including much smaller objects, such as planets ... and astronomers. | ||
− | Though not included in the diagram, the title text notes that the diagram | + | Though not included in the diagram, the title text notes that the screen displaying the diagram would probably be plotted somewhere in the lower right corner due to its (relatively) low brightness and heat output. Bigger screens have a higher total output (in terms of luminosity) and are thus positioned further towards the diagram's top. An "unusually big screen" would have to be something like a JumboTron or a projector for its luminosity or temperature to put it outside of the lower right corner. |
==Table== | ==Table== | ||
− | {| class="wikitable | + | {| class="wikitable" |
!style="width:10%"|Item | !style="width:10%"|Item | ||
!style="width:10%"|Effective Temperature | !style="width:10%"|Effective Temperature | ||
!style="width:10%"|Luminosity | !style="width:10%"|Luminosity | ||
!style="width:70%"|Explanation | !style="width:70%"|Explanation | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|{{w|Betelgeuse}} | |{{w|Betelgeuse}} | ||
|3200 K | |3200 K | ||
− | |1.6 | + | |1.6 * 10<sup>31</sup> W |
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|- | |- | ||
|{{w|Vega}} | |{{w|Vega}} | ||
|10,000 K | |10,000 K | ||
− | |1.8 | + | |1.8 * 10<sup>28</sup> W |
− | | | + | | |
|- | |- | ||
|{{w|Sun}} | |{{w|Sun}} | ||
|5800 K | |5800 K | ||
− | |3.6 | + | |3.6 * 10<sup>26</sup> W |
− | | | + | | |
|- | |- | ||
|{{w|Proxima Centauri}} | |{{w|Proxima Centauri}} | ||
|2700 K | |2700 K | ||
− | |2.0 | + | |2.0 * 10<sup>23</sup> W |
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|- | |- | ||
|{{w|HD 189733 b}} | |{{w|HD 189733 b}} | ||
|2100 K | |2100 K | ||
− | |4.8 | + | |4.8 * 10<sup>21</sup> W |
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|- | |- | ||
|Interior of a {{w|Thermonuclear weapon|hydrogen bomb}} during detonation | |Interior of a {{w|Thermonuclear weapon|hydrogen bomb}} during detonation | ||
|~10<sup>8</sup> K | |~10<sup>8</sup> K | ||
|~10<sup>20</sup> W | |~10<sup>20</sup> W | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|{{w|Jupiter}} | |{{w|Jupiter}} | ||
|285 K | |285 K | ||
− | |1.2 | + | |1.2 * 10<sup>18</sup> W |
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|- | |- | ||
|{{w|Venus}} | |{{w|Venus}} | ||
|330 K | |330 K | ||
− | |5.0 | + | |5.0 * 10<sup>17</sup> W |
− | | | + | |It appears that this might have been misplaced on the temperature axis, being far too closely placed to France and to Earth. In fact Venus is at 735K where Earth has a mean of 287K. |
|- | |- | ||
|{{w|Earth}} | |{{w|Earth}} | ||
|300 K | |300 K | ||
− | |3.0 | + | |3.0 * 10<sup>17</sup> W |
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|- | |- | ||
|{{w|Mars}} | |{{w|Mars}} | ||
|255 K | |255 K | ||
− | |2.0 | + | |2.0 * 10<sup>16</sup> W |
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|- | |- | ||
|{{w|Moon}} | |{{w|Moon}} | ||
|300 K | |300 K | ||
− | |1.2 | + | |1.2 * 10<sup>16</sup> W |
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|- | |- | ||
|Nuclear Fireball | |Nuclear Fireball | ||
|8000 K | |8000 K | ||
− | |2.0 | + | |2.0 * 10<sup>14</sup> W |
− | | | + | | |
|- | |- | ||
|{{w|France}} | |{{w|France}} | ||
|300 K | |300 K | ||
− | |2.0 | + | |2.0 * 10<sup>14</sup> W |
− | |This is part of Earth (and more precisely a part of Europe), the same temperature as Earth, but less luminous in proportion to its surface area. Including this may be a joke referencing the two possible meanings of ‘Europa’ (see the next entry). | + | |This is part of Earth (and more precisely a part of Europe), the same temperature as Earth, but less luminous in proportion to its surface area. Including this may be a joke referencing the two possible meanings of ‘Europa’ (see the next entry). France emit less light at night than neighbouring countries, perhaps due to lower population density https://goo.gl/images/H8Dmu3. |
|- | |- | ||
|{{w|Europa (moon)|Europa}} | |{{w|Europa (moon)|Europa}} | ||
|90 K | |90 K | ||
− | |3.5 | + | |3.5 * 10<sup>14</sup> W |
|While this term could refer to Europe (a part of Earth, of which France (the previous entry) is a further part), the temperature and luminosity are both too small for that, so it must refer to the moon of Jupiter instead. | |While this term could refer to Europe (a part of Earth, of which France (the previous entry) is a further part), the temperature and luminosity are both too small for that, so it must refer to the moon of Jupiter instead. | ||
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|30,000 K | |30,000 K | ||
|30 GW | |30 GW | ||
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|{{w|Ivanpah Solar Power Facility|Ivanpah Solar Plant}} Salt Tank | |{{w|Ivanpah Solar Power Facility|Ivanpah Solar Plant}} Salt Tank | ||
|1200 K | |1200 K | ||
|1.2 GW | |1.2 GW | ||
− | |The | + | |The [[wikipedia:Ivanpah_Solar_Power_Facility|Ivanpah Solar Power Facility]] is a large solar power generator in the Californian Mojave desert. It concentrates sunlight from 173,500 reflectors onto three boiler towers. |
|- | |- | ||
|Medium-sized Lava Lake | |Medium-sized Lava Lake | ||
|800 K | |800 K | ||
|32 MW | |32 MW | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|Cruise Ship | |Cruise Ship | ||
|325 K | |325 K | ||
|30 MW | |30 MW | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|Campfire | |Campfire | ||
|870 K | |870 K | ||
|7.0 kW | |7.0 kW | ||
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|{{w|Blue whale}} | |{{w|Blue whale}} | ||
|280 K | |280 K | ||
|78 kW | |78 kW | ||
− | | | + | |Must be average surface temperature as whales are warm-blooded @ ~100F/37C internally, interestingly this may be the only entry where a significant amount of power produced is conducted away rather than radiated. Also the power seems high compared to what I can find. These images suggest a surface temperature around 295K - 300K for a Humpback whale when surfacing https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321972840/figure/fig1/AS:574004013604864@1513864629274/Visible-and-infrared-spectrum-images-of-various-humpback-whale-surfacing-features.png |
|- | |- | ||
|{{w|Arc lamp}} | |{{w|Arc lamp}} | ||
− | | | + | |65,000 K |
|150 W | |150 W | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|Lightbulb | |Lightbulb | ||
|4800 K | |4800 K | ||
|75 W | |75 W | ||
− | |The temperature value here refers to | + | |The temperature value here refers to colour temperature, which for an incandescent bulb is the same as the filament temperature. |
|- | |- | ||
|LED Bulb | |LED Bulb | ||
|5800 K | |5800 K | ||
|8 W | |8 W | ||
− | |The temperature value here refers to | + | |The temperature value here refers to colour temperature, not physical temperature. Color temperature is a better match to effective temperature than physical temperature. |
|- | |- | ||
|Astronomer | |Astronomer | ||
|310 K | |310 K | ||
|100 W | |100 W | ||
− | | The body temperature of a human (astronomer or otherwise) is about | + | | The body temperature of a human (astronomer or otherwise) is about 310K (37°C). Skin Surface Temperature (which would fit the meaning of effective temperature better) is typically 31°C - 35°C. An astronomer standing outside in a thick coat on a cold night would have a much lower surface temperature. |
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==Transcript== | ==Transcript== | ||
+ | {{incomplete transcript|Do NOT delete this tag too soon.}} | ||
:Expanded Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram | :Expanded Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram | ||
:[A scatter plot is shown, with the x-axis labeled Effective Temperature (in kelvins), and the y-axis Luminosity (watts).] | :[A scatter plot is shown, with the x-axis labeled Effective Temperature (in kelvins), and the y-axis Luminosity (watts).] | ||
− | : | + | :<!-- see table !--> |
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{{comic discussion}} | {{comic discussion}} | ||
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[[Category:Astronomy]] | [[Category:Astronomy]] |