Editing 2303: Error Types
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==Explanation== | ==Explanation== | ||
+ | {{incomplete|Created by a TYPE IX DROID. Provide examples for each error type. Do NOT delete this tag too soon.}} | ||
This comic is another comic in a [[:Category:COVID-19|series of comics]] related to the {{w|2019–20 coronavirus outbreak|2020 pandemic}} of the {{w|coronavirus}} {{w|SARS-CoV-2}}, which causes {{w|COVID-19}}. | This comic is another comic in a [[:Category:COVID-19|series of comics]] related to the {{w|2019–20 coronavirus outbreak|2020 pandemic}} of the {{w|coronavirus}} {{w|SARS-CoV-2}}, which causes {{w|COVID-19}}. | ||
− | The comic is inspired by the COVID-19 pandemic, as there is a lot of medical testing for the disease being done, including detection of the virus itself, usually by qPCR, or of antibodies present in people who have had the disease (sometimes unknowingly). The quality of these tests is often mediocre and never perfect, leading to discussion of different types of errors that can occur, including "false positives" (calling presence of the virus/antibodies when they are not really there) or false negatives (failing to see the virus/antibodies | + | The comic is inspired by the COVID-19 pandemic, as there is a lot of medical testing for the disease being done, including detection of the virus itself, usually by qPCR, or of antibodies present in people who have had the disease (sometimes unknowingly). The quality of these tests is often mediocre and never perfect, leading to discussion of different types of errors that can occur, including "false positives" (calling presence of the virus/antibodies when they are not really there) or false negatives (failing to see the virus/ antibodies). |
The comic is riffing on {{w|Type I and type II errors}}, also known as "false positive" and "false negative", respectively. The first two rows of the comic's table are correct definitions for established terms in statistics. Further rows contain suggestions for new terminology. | The comic is riffing on {{w|Type I and type II errors}}, also known as "false positive" and "false negative", respectively. The first two rows of the comic's table are correct definitions for established terms in statistics. Further rows contain suggestions for new terminology. | ||
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|Type III | |Type III | ||
|True positive for incorrect reasons | |True positive for incorrect reasons | ||
− | |"{{w|Type III error}}" is a nonstandard term meant to build off the notion of type I and II errors. Randall's explanations of this and of Type IV errors line up with some relatively common definitions of them, but others have also been proposed. None have yet been widely adopted. The Type III and Type IV definitions given here correspond to the {{w|Gettier_problem|Gettier Problem}} in philosophy. In the case of COVID-19, this type of error might be committed by a person who correctly believes | + | |"{{w|Type III error}}" is a nonstandard term meant to build off the notion of type I and II errors. Randall's explanations of this and of Type IV errors line up with some relatively common definitions of them, but others have also been proposed. None have yet been widely adopted. The Type III and Type IV definitions given here correspond to the {{w|Gettier_problem|Gettier Problem}} in philosophy. In the case of COVID-19, this type of error might be committed by a person who correctly believes himself to have COVID-19 but incorrectly believes so because he lives near a 5G tower. |
|- | |- | ||
|Type IV | |Type IV | ||
|True negative for incorrect reasons | |True negative for incorrect reasons | ||
− | |Randall's proposed Type III and Type IV errors refer to when a correct correlation or lack thereof is determined, but on faulty grounds. Although harmless in the present, this may lead to false faith in the results at a later date, as the faulty grounds of the result may lead to a type I or type II error in different circumstances. In the case of COVID-19, this type of error might be committed by a person who correctly believes | + | |Randall's proposed Type III and Type IV errors refer to when a correct correlation or lack thereof is determined, but on faulty grounds. Although harmless in the present, this may lead to false faith in the results at a later date, as the faulty grounds of the result may lead to a type I or type II error in different circumstances. In the case of COVID-19, this type of error might be committed by a person who correctly believes himself to not have COVID-19 but incorrectly believes so because he wears a tinfoil hat. |
|- | |- | ||
|Type V | |Type V | ||
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|Type VI | |Type VI | ||
|Correct result which you interpret wrong | |Correct result which you interpret wrong | ||
− | |An unfortunately common occurrence. For example, statistical tests on observational data can only determine correlation, not causation, yet press releases and subsequent popular articles often imply or explicitly state a causal relationship ([[882: Significant|"Jelly beans cause acne!"]] or whatnot). This has actually been | + | |An unfortunately common occurrence. For example, statistical tests on observational data can only determine correlation, not causation, yet press releases and subsequent popular articles often imply or explicitly state a causal relationship ([[882: Significant|"Jelly beans cause acne!"]] or whatnot). This has actually been [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_III_error#Marascuilo_and_Levin proposed as a definition of a Type IV error]. Ironically, "Type VI" could be misread as "Type IV", making an incorrect reading be interpreted as the older definition of Type IV. |
|- | |- | ||
|Type VII | |Type VII | ||
|Incorrect result which produces a cool graph | |Incorrect result which produces a cool graph | ||
− | |It is commonly believed that [https://www.reddit.com/r/dataisbeautiful/ data is beautiful]. Sometimes, that's still true even when the data is bogus! | + | |It is commonly believed that [https://www.reddit.com/r/dataisbeautiful/ data is beautiful]. Sometimes, that's still true even when the data is bogus! |
|- | |- | ||
|Type VIII | |Type VIII | ||
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|Type IX | |Type IX | ||
|The Rise of Skywalker | |The Rise of Skywalker | ||
− | |''{{w|Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker}}'' is the ninth and final film in the ''Star Wars'' Skywalker saga | + | |''{{w|Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker}}'' is the ninth and final film in the ''Star Wars'' Skywalker saga. It received far less critical acclaim than the previous two films in the sequel trilogy. Notably, this entry does not follow the theme of the comic and serves as a non sequitur punchline. |
|- | |- | ||
|Type IIII | |Type IIII | ||
− | |Mistaking tally marks for Roman | + | |Mistaking tally marks for Roman neumerals ''[sic]'' |
− | |Title text. "I", "II", and "III" could be representations of the numbers one, two, and three in either {{w|tally marks}} or {{w|Roman numerals}}. It's only when you get to "IV" or "IIII" that it becomes apparent which system is being used. Some clocks use Roman numerals but with "IIII" instead of "IV" at the four o'clock position; the exact reason for this is unknown, but [https://www.electrictime.com/news/roman-iiii-vs-iv-on-clock-dials/ several plausible hypotheses] have been advanced. | + | |Title text. "I", "II", and "III" could be representations of the numbers one, two, and three in either {{w|tally marks}} or {{w|Roman numerals}}. It's only when you get to "IV" or "IIII" that it becomes apparent which system is being used. Some clocks use Roman numerals but with "IIII" instead of "IV" at the four o'clock position; the exact reason for this is unknown, but [https://www.electrictime.com/news/roman-iiii-vs-iv-on-clock-dials/ several plausible hypotheses] have been advanced. Ironically, Randall seems to have made a typographical error of his own when spelling the word "numerals". |
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==Trivia== | ==Trivia== | ||
*Randall seems to have, ironically, made a typographical error of his own when spelling the word "numerals" in the title text. | *Randall seems to have, ironically, made a typographical error of his own when spelling the word "numerals" in the title text. | ||
− | **This was corrected later, but initially, the title text was: | + | **This was corrected later, but initially, the title text was: |
− | **This may be intentionally mispronouncing, because of [[148: | + | **Type IIII error: Mistaking tally marks for Roman '''neumerals'''. |
+ | **This may be intentionally mispronouncing, because of [[https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php/148:_Mispronouncing his hobby]]. | ||
{{comic discussion}} | {{comic discussion}} | ||
+ | [[Category:COVID-19]] | ||
[[Category:Statistics]] | [[Category:Statistics]] | ||
[[Category:Star Wars]] | [[Category:Star Wars]] | ||
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