Editing 2009: Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
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==Explanation== | ==Explanation== | ||
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The {{w|Hertzsprung–Russell diagram}} is a scatterplot showing absolute luminosities of stars against its effective temperature or color. It's generally used to understand a star's age. | The {{w|Hertzsprung–Russell diagram}} is a scatterplot showing absolute luminosities of stars against its effective temperature or color. It's generally used to understand a star's age. | ||
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|{{w|Main sequence}} | |{{w|Main sequence}} | ||
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|Most stars lie along the main sequence, one of several labelled regions in a typical {{w|Hertzsprung–Russell diagram|Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) diagram}}, and are thus classified as main sequence stars. Progressing from the lower-right toward the upper-left end of the main sequence, stars become more massive, hotter, and more luminous. The HR diagram in this comic includes three main sequence stars. | |Most stars lie along the main sequence, one of several labelled regions in a typical {{w|Hertzsprung–Russell diagram|Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) diagram}}, and are thus classified as main sequence stars. Progressing from the lower-right toward the upper-left end of the main sequence, stars become more massive, hotter, and more luminous. The HR diagram in this comic includes three main sequence stars. | ||
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|{{w|Giant star|Giants}} | |{{w|Giant star|Giants}} | ||
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|A giant star is larger and more luminous than a main sequence star of the same temperature. The HR diagram in this comic does not specifically include any giant stars. | |A giant star is larger and more luminous than a main sequence star of the same temperature. The HR diagram in this comic does not specifically include any giant stars. | ||
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|{{w|Supergiant star|Supergiants}} | |{{w|Supergiant star|Supergiants}} | ||
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|Supergiant stars are among the largest and most luminous stars that exist. The HR diagram in this comic includes the supergiant star Betelgeuse. | |Supergiant stars are among the largest and most luminous stars that exist. The HR diagram in this comic includes the supergiant star Betelgeuse. | ||
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|{{w|White dwarf|White dwarfs}} | |{{w|White dwarf|White dwarfs}} | ||
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|In a white dwarf star, nuclear fusion has ceased. A white dwarf still radiates energy due to stored heat that was generated from fusion earlier in the star's life, but white dwarfs are much less luminous than stars that are still undergoing fusion. The HR diagram in this comic does not specifically include any white dwarf stars. | |In a white dwarf star, nuclear fusion has ceased. A white dwarf still radiates energy due to stored heat that was generated from fusion earlier in the star's life, but white dwarfs are much less luminous than stars that are still undergoing fusion. The HR diagram in this comic does not specifically include any white dwarf stars. | ||
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|{{w|Brown dwarf|Brown dwarfs}} | |{{w|Brown dwarf|Brown dwarfs}} | ||
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|Brown dwarfs are too small to be classified as stars, but are larger than planets. The HR diagram in this comic does not specifically include any brown dwarfs. | |Brown dwarfs are too small to be classified as stars, but are larger than planets. The HR diagram in this comic does not specifically include any brown dwarfs. | ||
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|{{w|Betelgeuse}} | |{{w|Betelgeuse}} | ||
|3200 K | |3200 K | ||
− | |1.6 | + | |1.6 * 10<sup>31</sup> W |
− | |Betelgeuse is a red supergiant star. At 3200 | + | |Betelgeuse is a red supergiant star. At 3200 K, it is cooler than the sun but has a higher luminosity owing to its larger size. |
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|{{w|Vega}} | |{{w|Vega}} | ||
|10,000 K | |10,000 K | ||
− | |1.8 | + | |1.8 * 10<sup>28</sup> W |
|Vega is a main sequence star that is both hotter and more luminous than the sun. | |Vega is a main sequence star that is both hotter and more luminous than the sun. | ||
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|{{w|Sun}} | |{{w|Sun}} | ||
|5800 K | |5800 K | ||
− | |3.6 | + | |3.6 * 10<sup>26</sup> W |
|The sun is a main sequence star. On a typical {{w|Hertzsprung–Russell diagram|HR diagram}}, the luminosity of the sun is usually the basis of the luminosity scale, i.e. the sun is at "1" or 10<sup>0</sup> on the diagram's vertical scale. | |The sun is a main sequence star. On a typical {{w|Hertzsprung–Russell diagram|HR diagram}}, the luminosity of the sun is usually the basis of the luminosity scale, i.e. the sun is at "1" or 10<sup>0</sup> on the diagram's vertical scale. | ||
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|{{w|Proxima Centauri}} | |{{w|Proxima Centauri}} | ||
|2700 K | |2700 K | ||
− | |2.0 | + | |2.0 * 10<sup>23</sup> W |
|Proxima Centauri, the closest star to the sun, is a main sequence star that is both cooler and less luminous than the sun. | |Proxima Centauri, the closest star to the sun, is a main sequence star that is both cooler and less luminous than the sun. | ||
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|{{w|HD 189733 b}} | |{{w|HD 189733 b}} | ||
|2100 K | |2100 K | ||
− | |4.8 | + | |4.8 * 10<sup>21</sup> W |
|This is an exoplanet discovered in 2005. It is comparable in size to Jupiter, but hotter and more luminous owing to its close proximity to its own sun. | |This is an exoplanet discovered in 2005. It is comparable in size to Jupiter, but hotter and more luminous owing to its close proximity to its own sun. | ||
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|~10<sup>8</sup> K | |~10<sup>8</sup> K | ||
|~10<sup>20</sup> W | |~10<sup>20</sup> W | ||
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|{{w|Jupiter}} | |{{w|Jupiter}} | ||
|285 K | |285 K | ||
− | |1.2 | + | |1.2 * 10<sup>18</sup> W |
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|{{w|Venus}} | |{{w|Venus}} | ||
|330 K | |330 K | ||
− | |5.0 | + | |5.0 * 10<sup>17</sup> W |
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|{{w|Earth}} | |{{w|Earth}} | ||
|300 K | |300 K | ||
− | |3.0 | + | |3.0 * 10<sup>17</sup> W |
− | |Non-luminous objects on Earth are typically the same temperature as Earth, around 300 | + | |Non-luminous objects on Earth are typically the same temperature as Earth, around 300 K. As shown in the diagram, Earth-based objects like France, the cruise ship, the blue whale, and the astronomer all have temperatures in the vicinity of 300 K. |
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|{{w|Mars}} | |{{w|Mars}} | ||
|255 K | |255 K | ||
− | |2.0 | + | |2.0 * 10<sup>16</sup> W |
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|{{w|Moon}} | |{{w|Moon}} | ||
|300 K | |300 K | ||
− | |1.2 | + | |1.2 * 10<sup>16</sup> W |
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|Nuclear Fireball | |Nuclear Fireball | ||
|8000 K | |8000 K | ||
− | |2.0 | + | |2.0 * 10<sup>14</sup> W |
|The glowing, rising mass of air that appears just after a nuclear bomb is detonated. | |The glowing, rising mass of air that appears just after a nuclear bomb is detonated. | ||
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|{{w|France}} | |{{w|France}} | ||
|300 K | |300 K | ||
− | |2.0 | + | |2.0 * 10<sup>14</sup> W |
|This is part of Earth (and more precisely a part of Europe), the same temperature as Earth, but less luminous in proportion to its surface area. Including this may be a joke referencing the two possible meanings of ‘Europa’ (see the next entry). [https://goo.gl/images/H8Dmu3 France emits less light at night than neighbouring countries], perhaps due to lower population density. | |This is part of Earth (and more precisely a part of Europe), the same temperature as Earth, but less luminous in proportion to its surface area. Including this may be a joke referencing the two possible meanings of ‘Europa’ (see the next entry). [https://goo.gl/images/H8Dmu3 France emits less light at night than neighbouring countries], perhaps due to lower population density. | ||
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|{{w|Europa (moon)|Europa}} | |{{w|Europa (moon)|Europa}} | ||
|90 K | |90 K | ||
− | |3.5 | + | |3.5 * 10<sup>14</sup> W |
|While this term could refer to Europe (a part of Earth, of which France (the previous entry) is a further part), the temperature and luminosity are both too small for that, so it must refer to the moon of Jupiter instead. | |While this term could refer to Europe (a part of Earth, of which France (the previous entry) is a further part), the temperature and luminosity are both too small for that, so it must refer to the moon of Jupiter instead. | ||
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|30,000 K | |30,000 K | ||
|30 GW | |30 GW | ||
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|{{w|Ivanpah Solar Power Facility|Ivanpah Solar Plant}} Salt Tank | |{{w|Ivanpah Solar Power Facility|Ivanpah Solar Plant}} Salt Tank | ||
|1200 K | |1200 K | ||
|1.2 GW | |1.2 GW | ||
− | |The | + | |The [[wikipedia:Ivanpah_Solar_Power_Facility|Ivanpah Solar Power Facility]] is a large solar power generator in the Californian Mojave desert. It concentrates sunlight from 173,500 reflectors onto three water-boiler towers. Randall appears to have mistakenly confused this power plant with the nearby Crescent Dunes, which uses tanks of molten salt to store energy. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16012018/csp-concentrated-solar-molten-salt-storage-24-hour-renewable-energy-crescent-dunes-nevada |
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|Medium-sized Lava Lake | |Medium-sized Lava Lake | ||
|800 K | |800 K | ||
|32 MW | |32 MW | ||
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|Cruise Ship | |Cruise Ship | ||
|325 K | |325 K | ||
|30 MW | |30 MW | ||
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|Campfire | |Campfire | ||
|870 K | |870 K | ||
|7.0 kW | |7.0 kW | ||
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|{{w|Blue whale}} | |{{w|Blue whale}} | ||
|280 K | |280 K | ||
|78 kW | |78 kW | ||
− | | | + | |Must be average surface temperature as whales are warm-blooded @ ~100F/37C internally, interestingly this and the cruise ship may be the only entries where a significant amount of power produced is conducted away rather than radiated. Also the power seems high compared to what I can find. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321972840/figure/fig1/AS:574004013604864@1513864629274/Visible-and-infrared-spectrum-images-of-various-humpback-whale-surfacing-features.png These images] suggest a surface temperature around 295K - 300K for a Humpback whale when surfacing |
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|{{w|Arc lamp}} | |{{w|Arc lamp}} | ||
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|4800 K | |4800 K | ||
|75 W | |75 W | ||
− | |The temperature value here refers to | + | |The temperature value here refers to colour temperature, which for an incandescent bulb is the same as the filament temperature. However tungsten filament lights, commonly referred to as "bulbs", have a colour temperature of between 2400 and 3600 K, and tungsten melts at 3695 K. |
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|LED Bulb | |LED Bulb | ||
|5800 K | |5800 K | ||
|8 W | |8 W | ||
− | |The temperature value here refers to | + | |The temperature value here refers to colour temperature, not physical temperature. Color temperature is a better match to effective temperature than physical temperature. As typical semiconductors might be rated for a maximum of 150 C or about 420 K, the physical temperature of an LED Bulb is considerably lower than its colour temperature. |
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|Astronomer | |Astronomer | ||
|310 K | |310 K | ||
|100 W | |100 W | ||
− | | The body temperature of a human (astronomer or otherwise) is about | + | | The body temperature of a human (astronomer or otherwise) is about 310K (37°C). Skin Surface Temperature (which would fit the meaning of effective temperature better) is typically 31°C - 35°C. An astronomer standing outside in a thick coat on a cold night would have a much lower surface temperature. |
− | A human being generating | + | A human being generating 100W for 24 hours needs 2065 kcal or 8,64 MJ. According to the UN FAO this is e.g. the typical daily energy output of women with weight 55kg between 18 and 59 years having a light activity lifestyle of 1.55xBMR (basic metabolic rate). |
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==Transcript== | ==Transcript== | ||
+ | {{incomplete transcript|Do NOT delete this tag too soon.}} | ||
:Expanded Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram | :Expanded Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram | ||
:[A scatter plot is shown, with the x-axis labeled Effective Temperature (in kelvins), and the y-axis Luminosity (watts).] | :[A scatter plot is shown, with the x-axis labeled Effective Temperature (in kelvins), and the y-axis Luminosity (watts).] | ||
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:Brown dwarfs | :Brown dwarfs | ||
:[Items shown as points and their values:] | :[Items shown as points and their values:] | ||
− | :Betelgeuse: 3200 K, 1.6 | + | :Betelgeuse: 3200 K, 1.6 * 10<sup>31</sup> W |
− | :Vega: 10,000 K, 1.8 | + | :Vega: 10,000 K, 1.8 * 10<sup>28</sup> W |
− | :Sun: 5800 K, 3.6 | + | :Sun: 5800 K, 3.6 * 10<sup>26</sup> W |
− | :Proxima Centauri: 2700 K, 2.0 | + | :Proxima Centauri: 2700 K, 2.0 * 10<sup>23</sup> W |
− | :HD 189733 b: 2100 K, 4.8 | + | :HD 189733 b: 2100 K, 4.8 * 10<sup>21</sup> W |
:Interior of a hydrogen bomb during detonation: ~108 K, ~10<sup>20</sup> W | :Interior of a hydrogen bomb during detonation: ~108 K, ~10<sup>20</sup> W | ||
− | :Jupiter: 285 K, 1.2 | + | :Jupiter: 285 K, 1.2 * 10<sup>18</sup> W |
− | :Venus: 330 K, 5.0 | + | :Venus: 330 K, 5.0 * 10<sup>17</sup> W |
− | :Earth: 300 K, 3.0 | + | :Earth: 300 K, 3.0 * 10<sup>17</sup> W |
− | :Mars: 255 K, 2.0 | + | :Mars: 255 K, 2.0 * 10<sup>16</sup> W |
− | :Moon: 300 K, 1.2 | + | :Moon: 300 K, 1.2 * 10<sup>16</sup> W |
− | :Nuclear Fireball: 8000 K, 2.0 | + | :Nuclear Fireball: 8000 K, 2.0 * 10<sup>14</sup> W |
− | :France: 300 K, 2.0 | + | :France: 300 K, 2.0 * 10<sup>14</sup> W |
− | :Europa: 90 K, 3.5 | + | :Europa: 90 K, 3.5 * 10<sup>14</sup> W |
:Lightning Bolt: 30,000 K, 30 GW | :Lightning Bolt: 30,000 K, 30 GW | ||
:Ivanpah Solar Plant Salt Tank: 1200 K, 1.2 GW | :Ivanpah Solar Plant Salt Tank: 1200 K, 1.2 GW |