217: e to the pi Minus pi

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e to the pi Minus pi

Title text: Also, I hear the 4th root of (9^2 + 19^2/22) is pi.

Explanation

e is a mathematical constant roughly equal to 2.71828182846. π is another, roughly equal to 3.14159265359.

The first panel discusses e^π − π, which is around 19.999099979 — very close to 20. Black Hat explains how he tricked a programming team into believing that e^π − π really equals 20 — instead of just being weirdly close — thus that any noticeable deviation from 20 results from errors in the code. This made them waste a lot of time trying to find a nonexistent bug until they realized that Black Hat was lying (clearly they had not known him for very long, and clearly they weren't very knowledgeable in mathematics).

Floating point numbers are how computers store non-integer real numbers as decimals — or rather, in most cases, approximate them: infinite amounts of data would be required to represent most numbers in decimal form (exceptions are integers and terminating decimals). The "floating-point handlers" would be the code performing the e^π − π calculation.

ACM is the Association for Computing Machinery, which at the time of writing sponsored the International Collegiate Programming Contest. It is likely that it was this competition, in which Black Hat wasted his team's time, for which he got kicked out.

The title text pokes fun at another coincidence: ∜(9² + 19²/22) ≈ 3.1415926525, equating close to π (deviating only in the 9th decimal place). The humor comes from the fact that π is transcendental. Transcendental numbers are numbers that cannot be expressed through basic arithmetic with integers; one cannot end up with the exact value for any transcendental number (including π) by adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing, exponentiating, and/or taking the nth root of any rational number, meaning the title text cannot possibly be true. This coincidence was discovered by Ramanujan while squaring the circle in 1914.

A much later comic, 1047: Approximations, puts forth quite a few more mathematical coincidences.

Transcript

Cueball: Hey, check it out: e^π − π is 19.999099979. That's weird.

Black Hat: Yeah. That's how I got kicked out of the ACM in college.

Cueball: ...what?

Black Hat: During a competition, I told the programmers on our team that e^π − π was a standard test of floating-point handlers -- it would come out to 20 unless they had rounding errors.

Cueball: That's awful.

Black Hat: Yeah, they dug through half their algorithms looking for the bug before they figured it out.

Trivia

• e^π − π is an irrational number. It was proven by Yuri Valentinovich Nesterenko in the late 20th century.
• At the time when this comic was published, the mysterious almost-equation e^π − π ≈ 20 was believed to be a mathematical coincidence, or a numerical relationship that "just happens" with no satisfactory explanation. In September 2023, an explanation was found based on the Jacobi identities.

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Discussion

Asserting that the programmers' algorithms truncated to three decimal digits is an unsupported and unnecessary extrapolation. Most floating-point implementations use binary, not decimal, and 19.999099979 looks very much like a rounding error in binary floating-point that has accumulated over several operations. Daddy (talk) 12:39, 29 April 2013 (UTC)

Fixed. Xhfz (talk) 22:57, 16 August 2013 (UTC)

The "not good at math" might be too harsh, if they've (tried to) read the floating point spec. Depending on precision and rounding regime and order of operations, I could easily imagine the "equation" to be true ... and therefore a test that you were rounding "properly", even when it wasn't intuitive.

The third bullet-point above needs changing... (9^2+(19^2/22))=97.4090909091 which is close to pi to the fourth power, so it should be (as noted in the text) (9^2+(19^2/22))^1/4 Squirreltape (talk) 19:27, 25 February 2014 (UTC)

Actually, in-case you didn't notice, it says "∜(9² + 19²/22)", not just the sum on its own. I checked the sum on my calculator, and it is equal to what the page is saying. "∜(9² + 19²/22)" means "4th root of (9^2+19^2/22)" (What the title text is saying), or on Windows Calculator, "(9^2+19^2/22) yroot(4)" (Basically what the sum is saying). So, the 3rd bullet point is correct. --Katavschi (talk) 22:48, 23 April 2014 (UTC)

It says above that (π + 20)^i ≈ -i, but this should be (π + 20)^i ≈ -1. Proof: π + 20 ≈ e^π => (π + 20)^i ≈ (e^π)^i = e^(πi) = -1.

The ACM competitions are famous for being under tight time pressure. Making your own team waste time would absolutely get you kicked out (and make enemies) Mountain Hikes (talk) 04:40, 23 September 2015 (UTC)

"If they thought about the mathematics"

hm, are you saying it is obvious that e^ pi - pi is not 20? How would you know without approximating it? The sum of two irrationals is not necessarily irrational. 162.158.34.194 01:58, 26 October 2015 (UTC)

approximate e^pi using slightly bigger numbers than e and pi (say e: 2.7183 and pi: 3.1416) and subtract a value that is slightly smaller than pi (say 3.1415). The result is less than 20 and a upper limit for e^pi - pi 141.101.93.49 19:59, 22 August 2016 (UTC)

the title text was close; the real identity is e^(π - 2) = π 173.245.52.165 05:39, 7 April 2021 (UTC)

The approximation in the title text(the first quantity) is an approximation provided by Ramanujan. Sarah the Pie(yes, the food) (talk) 21:09, 22 February 2022 (UTC)

Not a coincidence

In the "Explanation" section, it says that "the title text pokes fun at another coincidence". This implies that what came before was a coincidence (without ever actually explicitly saying so). As already mentioned in the trivia section, this was indeed what was believed when the comic was published, but it is no longer true (an explanation for e^π − π ≈ 20 was found in 2023; it is a simple consequence of π ≈ 22/7). The text should be updated accordingly. Relevant discussion about this can be found on this Wikipedia talk page, here, and in the update eventually made to the Mathworld website (the original source for much of this article). 172.71.250.8 13:57, 22 April 2024 (UTC)