Editing 1991: Research Areas by Size and Countedness
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==Explanation== | ==Explanation== | ||
+ | {{incomplete|The tables needs to be filled in. And I think the title text has been explained already... Do NOT delete this tag too soon.}} | ||
This comic is a [[:Category:Scatter plots|scatter plot]] that ranks different research fields according to the precision of the knowledge of the number of the studied object (vertical axis) vs. how large (the size of) the studied object is on the horizontal axis. | This comic is a [[:Category:Scatter plots|scatter plot]] that ranks different research fields according to the precision of the knowledge of the number of the studied object (vertical axis) vs. how large (the size of) the studied object is on the horizontal axis. | ||
− | For instance | + | For instance the number of presidents is well known, so the study of their history is at the top of the Y-axis. This study is placed close to the Y-axis as the size of a president is about midway in size between the two extremes of the X-axis, elementary particles to the left (small) and the entire cosmos (cosmology) to the right (big). |
− | On the X-axis | + | On the X-axis Presidents are close to the middle. Both presidents and other larger life forms (as a research area) including extinct animals (paleontology) and exobiology are all close to the the same central position just right of the Y-axis, with smaller animals like birds and insects just to the left of the Y-axis. But where the number of presidents is well known, then the number of exoplanet life forms (exobiology) is completely unknown and thus it will be found at the very bottom of the Y-axis, since we have no idea if there are life elsewhere and if so how many places will it be and how varied. |
The 19 research areas are listed and explained in the [[#Tables of research areas|tables]] below. | The 19 research areas are listed and explained in the [[#Tables of research areas|tables]] below. | ||
− | In the title text | + | In the title text mathematicians may give a third answer that the concept of counting the things being studied is not reasonable, because the things are abstract or otherwise not discrete. There are many different types of math that blend into each other, and many have turned into separate sub-disciplines based on different interpretations of fundamental rules. As a specific example in geometry, different interpretations of how many lines you may draw parallel to another line through a given point has lead to hyperbolic (infinite parallel lines) and spherical (0 parallel lines) geometric systems that are just as valid (and valuable, in some contexts) as the more commonly known Cartesian (1 parallel line) geometry. As a specific example of the blending, number theory and set theory and topology all interrelate and it is difficult to concretely say whether many theorems belong to one branch of math or another. |
==Tables of research areas== | ==Tables of research areas== | ||
− | For a table with the coordinates given in percentage for each research field, see | + | *For a table with the coordinates given in percentage for each research field, see the [[#Table with coordinates|table]] in the trivia section |
===Upper left quadrant=== | ===Upper left quadrant=== | ||
− | This is the section with the small items with count known. | + | *This is the section with the small items with count known. |
{| class = "wikitable" | {| class = "wikitable" | ||
! Research field | ! Research field | ||
− | ! Size | + | ! Size |
! Knowledge of # | ! Knowledge of # | ||
! Explanation | ! Explanation | ||
|- | |- | ||
|{{w|Elementary particle physics}} | |{{w|Elementary particle physics}} | ||
− | | | + | | 17 |
− | | We | + | | We have a fairly good estimate of how many elementary particles there are. There could be some uncertainty though, so it is not at the very top. |
− | |Elementary particle physics is concerned with the study of subatomic particles (the smallest things that | + | |Elementary particle physics is concerned with the study of subatomic particles (the smallest things that can exist), of which there are 17. Most notably, until recently it was uncertain whether the {{w|Higgs boson}} was one of the elementary particles, but scientists have a "pretty good estimate" because the mathematical models don't predict the existence of many other particles |
|- | |- | ||
|{{w|Dentistry}} | |{{w|Dentistry}} | ||
− | | | + | |0-32 normal, in cases up to 52 or so. |
|Most teeth are visible to the naked eye, and dentists have x-ray technology to see what's not visible, so counting them is pretty straightforward. | |Most teeth are visible to the naked eye, and dentists have x-ray technology to see what's not visible, so counting them is pretty straightforward. | ||
|Dentistry is the study of teeth (pretty small, both in size as well as in quantity). Humans adults grow 32 teeth, which is a "pretty good estimate" since it is very rare for {{w|Hyperdontia|more than 32 teeth to grow}} and it is rather common for {{w|wisdom teeth}} to be surgically extracted or in some cases never to develop. Children may only have 20 teeth before they start falling out, but each tooth that falls out is because another tooth is growing underneath, so a child might have as many as 52 teeth, counting the child teeth that haven't fallen out yet plus the adult teeth that are starting to form. So while a dentist will usually have a good idea how many teeth will be in a patient's mouth, they won't know for sure until they look or consult dental records. | |Dentistry is the study of teeth (pretty small, both in size as well as in quantity). Humans adults grow 32 teeth, which is a "pretty good estimate" since it is very rare for {{w|Hyperdontia|more than 32 teeth to grow}} and it is rather common for {{w|wisdom teeth}} to be surgically extracted or in some cases never to develop. Children may only have 20 teeth before they start falling out, but each tooth that falls out is because another tooth is growing underneath, so a child might have as many as 52 teeth, counting the child teeth that haven't fallen out yet plus the adult teeth that are starting to form. So while a dentist will usually have a good idea how many teeth will be in a patient's mouth, they won't know for sure until they look or consult dental records. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|{{w|Shakespeare}} studies | |{{w|Shakespeare}} studies | ||
− | | | + | |36 |
− | + | | | |
− | + | |Shakespeare studies is concerned with the works of William Shakespeare (each book is pretty small). Generally, 36 plays are attributed to him, but between 1 and 3 additional plays are considered "lost" (i.e. at some point between being first published or performed and scholars seriously studying Shakespeare, all known copies, references, and fragments were destroyed, making it impossible to determine whether Shakespeare actually wrote them or whether they actually existed as separate plays), and {{w|Shakespeare apocrypha|some 20 more}} are believed to have been written by him, but not signed. To make matters worse, some plays that ''were'' published or performed under Shakespeare's name are believed to have been written as collaborations (not fully by him) or mis-attributed (we don't know who wrote them but, everyone says it was him). | |
|- | |- | ||
|{{w|Ornithology}} | |{{w|Ornithology}} | ||
− | | | + | |Low thousands |
− | | | + | | |
− | + | |Ornithology studies birds. As with all animal classifications, we aren't really certain how many species there are, and are [https://www.amnh.org/about-the-museum/press-center/new-study-doubles-the-estimate-of-bird-species-in-the-world constantly revising the figure], but all estimates remain in the low thousands, so we do have a "pretty good estimate" | |
|- | |- | ||
|Ancient {{w|literature}} | |Ancient {{w|literature}} | ||
− | | | + | | |
− | | | + | | |
|While it is fairly straightforward to look up how many books [http://www.proquest.com/products-services/Books-in-Print.html are currently in print], or how many books [https://mashable.com/2010/08/05/number-of-books-in-the-world/ all currently printed information would fit into if bound into equal-length volumes], and then limiting those estimates to those that date before a specific year, counting how many books from the period of interest haven't survived to the present day (books that were "{{w|lost work|lost}}" either by deliberate discontinuation, or accidental destruction such as in the {{w|Destruction of the Library of Alexandria|Library of Alexandria}}) is a bit more difficult. However, because we know the work existed (it is mentioned by name in some other text), we have "pretty good estimate" that the number of lost works is "only" in the tens of thousands, as is the number of surviving works. | |While it is fairly straightforward to look up how many books [http://www.proquest.com/products-services/Books-in-Print.html are currently in print], or how many books [https://mashable.com/2010/08/05/number-of-books-in-the-world/ all currently printed information would fit into if bound into equal-length volumes], and then limiting those estimates to those that date before a specific year, counting how many books from the period of interest haven't survived to the present day (books that were "{{w|lost work|lost}}" either by deliberate discontinuation, or accidental destruction such as in the {{w|Destruction of the Library of Alexandria|Library of Alexandria}}) is a bit more difficult. However, because we know the work existed (it is mentioned by name in some other text), we have "pretty good estimate" that the number of lost works is "only" in the tens of thousands, as is the number of surviving works. | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Upper right quadrant=== | ===Upper right quadrant=== | ||
− | This is the section with the big items with count known. | + | *This is the section with the big items with count known. |
{| class = "wikitable" | {| class = "wikitable" | ||
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! Explanation | ! Explanation | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |{{w|Marine mammal|Marine}} {{w|Mammalogy|Mammology}} | + | |{{w|Marine mammal|Marine}} {{w|Mammalogy|Mammology}} |
− | | | + | | |
− | | | + | | |
− | |Marine mammals are the largest extant animals. The US Government [http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/ recognizes] 119 marine mammals. However, what constitutes each species is [https://www.marinemammalscience.org/species-information/list-marine-mammal-species-subspecies/ constantly being revised], with new studies indicating either that what used to be considered a subspecies is actually a separate species, or that what used to be considered a separate species is actually a subspecies. As the depths of the ocean are further explored, species that were outright unknown are spotted and need to be classified. However, since marine mammals breathe air | + | |Marine mammals are the largest extant animals. The US Government [http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/ recognizes] 119 marine mammals. However, what constitutes each species is [https://www.marinemammalscience.org/species-information/list-marine-mammal-species-subspecies/ constantly being revised], with new studies indicating either that what used to be considered a subspecies is actually a separate species, or that what used to be considered a separate species is actually a subspecies. As the depths of the ocean are further explored, species that were outright unknown are spotted and need to be classified. However, since marine mammals breathe air, they have to come to the surface where we can see them, so we're pretty sure that we've spotted all species. Note that RAndall has misspelled Mammalogy with o instead of a in the middle. |
|- | |- | ||
|{{w|List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States|Presidential History}} | |{{w|List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States|Presidential History}} | ||
− | | | + | | |
− | | | + | | |
− | |Presidents are generally considered "big" men in history. Therefore, each one is fairly well known and documented. There is, however, some discussion on how many presidents there have been in the history of the United States, since prior to the {{w|Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|25th amendment}}, it was unspecified whether vice presidents counted as presidents during the President's absence. Most notably, this ambiguity is the reason {{w|David Rice Atchison}}'s tombstone is inscribed with the words "President of the United States for one day" | + | |Presidents are generally considered "big" men in history. Therefore, each one is fairly well known and documented. There is, however, some discussion on how many presidents there have been in the history of the United States, since prior to the {{w|Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|25th amendment}}, it was unspecified whether vice presidents counted as presidents during the President's absence. Most notably, this ambiguity is the reason {{w|David Rice Atchison}}'s tombstone is inscribed with the words "President of the United States for one day". |
|- | |- | ||
|{{w|Railway engineering}} | |{{w|Railway engineering}} | ||
− | | | + | | |
− | | | + | | |
− | |A railway can span anywhere from a few hundred feet, to thousands of miles, so they're pretty big. The type of a railway is generally given by its {{w|track gauge}}, which | + | |A railway can span anywhere from a few hundred feet, to thousands of miles, so they're pretty big. The type of a railway is generally given by its {{w|track gauge}}, which are defined as "standard" (whatever you're currently using), "narrow" (rails closer together than whatever you're using) and "broad" (rails farther apart than whatever you're using). Since what is standard varies from country to country, and indeed from line to line, how many kinds of "narrow" gauge and "broad" gauge exist depend on who you ask. |
|- | |- | ||
|{{w|Geology}} | |{{w|Geology}} | ||
− | | | + | | |
− | | | + | | |
|Geology is generally considered the study of rocks (small rocks being considered fragments of mountain layers, so what counts as a "rock" for a geologist can be pretty big). There is no universally agreed upon number to how many {{w|List of rock types|types of rock}} there are, but all geologists agree they can be grouped into igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rock. Alternatively, geology can be construed as the study of the planet Earth's composition ( *geo*- meaning "Earth" ), and geologists are confident that the planet Earth is big and there is only one of it. | |Geology is generally considered the study of rocks (small rocks being considered fragments of mountain layers, so what counts as a "rock" for a geologist can be pretty big). There is no universally agreed upon number to how many {{w|List of rock types|types of rock}} there are, but all geologists agree they can be grouped into igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rock. Alternatively, geology can be construed as the study of the planet Earth's composition ( *geo*- meaning "Earth" ), and geologists are confident that the planet Earth is big and there is only one of it. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|{{w|Cosmology}} | |{{w|Cosmology}} | ||
− | | As this encompasses (at least) all of the visible parts of the | + | | As this encompasses (at least) all of the visible parts of the universe we live in, there can be no other "items" to study that would be larger. |
− | | There is only one visible universe, but there could be multiverses/parallel universes, and also an infinite universe beyond the borders of our own part of this universe's event horizon. So it depends on who you ask if they say there is one of and infinite number of universes to study, thus it is placed close to the middle of the two extremes | + | | There is only one visible universe, but there could be multiverses/parallel universes, and also an infinite universe beyond the borders of our own part of this universe's event horizon. So it depends on who you ask if they say there is one of and infinite number of universes to study, thus it is placed close to the middle of the two extremes, |
|Cosmology is the study of the universe. There is an asterisk with the note "Depends on who you ask", relating to the estimate of how many universes there are. While it might seem obvious that there is only one universe, some branches of physics believe that our universe is part of a {{w|multiverse}}, and this remains an open and contested subject in the field. | |Cosmology is the study of the universe. There is an asterisk with the note "Depends on who you ask", relating to the estimate of how many universes there are. While it might seem obvious that there is only one universe, some branches of physics believe that our universe is part of a {{w|multiverse}}, and this remains an open and contested subject in the field. | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Lower left quadrant=== | ===Lower left quadrant=== | ||
− | This is the section with the small items with count unknown. | + | *This is the section with the small items with count unknown. |
{| class = "wikitable" | {| class = "wikitable" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|{{w|Mycology}} | |{{w|Mycology}} | ||
− | | | + | | |
− | | | + | | |
− | |Mycology is the study of fungi (since fungi tend to grow flat -- excepting for mushrooms, which are their sexual organs, and do not exceed a foot in height (see [http://www.isciencetimes.com/articles/5740/20130729/giant-fungus-china-mushroom-world-s-largest-size.htm World's Largest mushrooms] -- mushrooms are generally considered small). | + | |Mycology is the study of fungi (since fungi tend to grow flat -- excepting for mushrooms, which are their sexual organs, and do not exceed a foot in height (see [http://www.isciencetimes.com/articles/5740/20130729/giant-fungus-china-mushroom-world-s-largest-size.htm World's Largest mushrooms] -- mushrooms are generally considered small). It is a lot harder to discern which species a fungus is, and therefore classify it, so we "have no idea" how many kinds of fungi there are. Studies [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21613136 vary wildly] between about 70,000 to over 5,000,000. There is a comic named after this study: [[1664: Mycology]]. |
|- | |- | ||
|[[1012: Wrong Superhero|Entymology]] | |[[1012: Wrong Superhero|Entymology]] | ||
− | | | + | | |
− | | | + | | |
− | |It is unclear whether [[Randall]] means {{w|entomology}} or {{w|etymology}} (probably neither; it's likely that this wasn't a mistake and it is possibly a direct reference to [[1012: Wrong Superhero]]) | + | |It is unclear whether [[Randall]] means {{w|entomology}} or {{w|etymology}} (probably neither; it's likely that this wasn't a mistake and it is possibly a direct reference to [[1012: Wrong Superhero]]). In either case, [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28938083 estimates for insects] (entomology) vary from less than 1,000,000 to 30,000,000; and [https://www.quora.com/How-many-root-words-are-there-in-the-English-language estimates for root words] (etymology) reaching hundreds of thousands. Entomology was mentioned in the title text of [[1610: Fire Ants]]. |
|- | |- | ||
|- | |- | ||
|{{w|Microbiology}} | |{{w|Microbiology}} | ||
− | | | + | | |
− | | | + | | |
|Microbiology studies microscopic (too small to see) organisms, of which some 1,400 are known and "estimates for the total number of microbial species vary wildly, from as low as 120,000 to tens of millions and higher", according to [https://www.quora.com/How-many-root-words-are-there-in-the-English-language Nature magazine]. | |Microbiology studies microscopic (too small to see) organisms, of which some 1,400 are known and "estimates for the total number of microbial species vary wildly, from as low as 120,000 to tens of millions and higher", according to [https://www.quora.com/How-many-root-words-are-there-in-the-English-language Nature magazine]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|{{w|Pharmacology}} | |{{w|Pharmacology}} | ||
− | | | + | | |
− | | | + | | |
|The number of drugs (pharmaceuticals) discovered and synthesized is not tallied, according to [https://www.raps.org/regulatory-focus%E2%84%A2/news-articles/2014/10/how-many-drugs-has-fda-approved-in-its-entire-history-new-paper-explains recent studies], but an estimate can be obtained by seeing how many have passed through the {{w|Food and Drug Administration|U.S. FDA}} (1,453). Many home remedies, which might technically qualify as drugs, have not been approved because {{w|Novelty (patent)|"everybody knows that"}}, as well as many solely recreational drugs since regulation might result in outlawing. Because of this, "we have no idea" how many drugs truly exist. Since drugs are extremely powerful molecules that are only administered in choice amounts, they are generally perceived as small. | |The number of drugs (pharmaceuticals) discovered and synthesized is not tallied, according to [https://www.raps.org/regulatory-focus%E2%84%A2/news-articles/2014/10/how-many-drugs-has-fda-approved-in-its-entire-history-new-paper-explains recent studies], but an estimate can be obtained by seeing how many have passed through the {{w|Food and Drug Administration|U.S. FDA}} (1,453). Many home remedies, which might technically qualify as drugs, have not been approved because {{w|Novelty (patent)|"everybody knows that"}}, as well as many solely recreational drugs since regulation might result in outlawing. Because of this, "we have no idea" how many drugs truly exist. Since drugs are extremely powerful molecules that are only administered in choice amounts, they are generally perceived as small. | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Lower right quadrant=== | ===Lower right quadrant=== | ||
− | This is the section with the big items with count unknown. | + | *This is the section with the big items with count unknown. |
{| class = "wikitable" | {| class = "wikitable" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|{{w|Botany}} | |{{w|Botany}} | ||
− | | | + | | |
− | | | + | | |
− | |Botany studies plants, which can reach {{w|List of superlative trees|hundreds of feet by any measure}} | + | |Botany studies plants, which can reach {{w|List of superlative trees|hundreds of feet by any measure}}. However, plant tend to clump together in forests and jungles, which makes it hard to get to them and document them. Every year, thousands of new plants are discovered, with the best estimate being that there are [https://news.mongabay.com/2016/05/many-plants-world-scientists-may-now-answer/ nearly 400,000 vascular plants] and an additional [https://www.britannica.com/topic-browse/Plants/Nonvascular-Plants 12,000 non-vascular plants]. However, the rate of discovery doesn't appear to be slowing down significantly, so we truly "have no idea." |
|- | |- | ||
|{{w|Paleontology}} | |{{w|Paleontology}} | ||
|Paleontologists study fossils, which range in size from very small to very large. When most people think of paleontologists though, they tend to think of them as studying large animals such as dinosaurs. | |Paleontologists study fossils, which range in size from very small to very large. When most people think of paleontologists though, they tend to think of them as studying large animals such as dinosaurs. | ||
− | | | + | | |
|Paleontology studies fossils, particularly those of extinct animals, which can reach {{w|Largest prehistoric animals|huge sizes}}. However, since fossils form under very special circumstances, if the animal did not die under those special circumstances, there will be no record of their existence. Therefore, the number of extinct animals can never truly be known, but we've found [http://scienceblogs.com/authority/2010/01/12/how-do-we-know-that-most-of-th/ around 250,000] | |Paleontology studies fossils, particularly those of extinct animals, which can reach {{w|Largest prehistoric animals|huge sizes}}. However, since fossils form under very special circumstances, if the animal did not die under those special circumstances, there will be no record of their existence. Therefore, the number of extinct animals can never truly be known, but we've found [http://scienceblogs.com/authority/2010/01/12/how-do-we-know-that-most-of-th/ around 250,000] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|{{w|Black Hole}} {{w|Astronomy}} | |{{w|Black Hole}} {{w|Astronomy}} | ||
|Compared to most astronomical objects, black holes are fairly small. However, most of them (that we are able to detect) are still larger than the Earth, so they would still fall on the "big" end of this chart. Alternatively, Randall may be referring to their mass, which is on the scale of stars. | |Compared to most astronomical objects, black holes are fairly small. However, most of them (that we are able to detect) are still larger than the Earth, so they would still fall on the "big" end of this chart. Alternatively, Randall may be referring to their mass, which is on the scale of stars. | ||
− | | | + | | |
|"Most stellar black holes [...] are impossible to detect. Judging from the number of stars large enough to produce such black holes, however, scientists estimate that there are as many as ten million to a billion such black holes in the Milky Way alone." ([https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/black-holes NASA Black Hole information page]) | |"Most stellar black holes [...] are impossible to detect. Judging from the number of stars large enough to produce such black holes, however, scientists estimate that there are as many as ten million to a billion such black holes in the Milky Way alone." ([https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/black-holes NASA Black Hole information page]) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|{{w|Exobiology}} | |{{w|Exobiology}} | ||
− | | | + | | |
− | + | | | |
− | + | |Exobiology refers to the study of life outside Earth, which requires {{w|SETI|scanning the entire universe for life}}. Currently, exobiology seeks to find a planet with life (and, {{w|definition of planet|to qualify as a planet}}, it has to be big). The estimate of {{w|List of potentially habitable exoplanets|how many planets with life there are}} varies from 16 to 40,000,000,000. However, the number of planets apart from Earth confirmed to have life is currently zero. This is known as the {{w|Fermi Paradox}}. For life, of the type we know, to exist outside of the Solar system there need to be planets around other stars. Such planets are called Exoplanets, and they have been a [[:Category:Exoplanets|recurrent subject]] on xkcd. | |
|- | |- | ||
|{{w|Theology}} | |{{w|Theology}} | ||
− | | | + | |It is placed at a scale as large as the universe (cosmology) as it should encompass the entire creation. For those not believing in gods it could also be seen as studying something as small as the human brain that has created all the gods in our image. But Randall has chosen to place it in the big section. |
− | | | + | |As no one really can know anything about theology as it is a study covering a wide range of beliefs from a wide range of religions. |
− | |Theology is | + | |Theology is concerned with the study of God, which, by definition, is a hypothetical being greater than the universe itself. In particular, theologists study the question of whether {{w|theism|a god could exist}} (there is ≥1 god) {{w|astheism|or not}} (there are 0 gods) and, in the former case, whether there could be {{w|polytheism|multiple gods}} (there are ''n''>1 gods) or {{w|monotheism|just one}} (there is exactly 1 god) or indeed whether there is {{w|animism|one god for each living thing}} (''n''≫1 gods). I.e., the very definition of the field is the fact that "we have no idea" how many there are. This quantitative uncertainty is also mentioned in [[900: Religions]]. |
|} | |} | ||
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==Trivia== | ==Trivia== | ||
− | + | ===Table with coordinates=== | |
+ | *Here is a sortable table with the coordinates in percentage given. | ||
+ | **They have been taken from the discussion where "Zetfr" states that | ||
+ | ***I have determined the exact position of each science on both axes. | ||
+ | ***I computed the center of the smallest rectangle that encloses each name. | ||
+ | ***Here they are, expressed as percentages, assuming 0% and 100% correspond to the arrow tips on each axis. | ||
+ | ****It could be argued that cosmology size should be at 100% and Theology knowledge 0 %, etc. but that is just semantics. | ||
+ | ****The interesting here is what order Randall seems to have put the different fields and object sizes. | ||
+ | **To begin with they are sorted after the size of the ting the research are studies, with the smallest first. | ||
{|class="wikitable sortable" | {|class="wikitable sortable" | ||
! Research area | ! Research area | ||
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[[Category:Exoplanets]] <!--Exo biology --> | [[Category:Exoplanets]] <!--Exo biology --> | ||
[[Category:Politics]] <!--President --> | [[Category:Politics]] <!--President --> | ||
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