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| Jumping Frog Radius |
 Title text: Earth's r_jf is approximately 1.5 light-days, leading to general relativity's successful prediction that all the frogs in the Solar System should be found collected on the surface of the Earth. |
Explanation
The Schwarzschild radius is essentially the size of a black hole -- the maximum distance from the center where gravity is so strong that light can't escape.
It is part of a solution to Einstein's field equations. It is usually calculated as the following:
- r = (2*G*M)/(c2),
where G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the object, and c is the speed of light.
If M is the mass of the Earth it would give the Schwarzschild radius for the Earth which is about 9 mm. (If all of Earth mass was pressed into a sphere of a bit less than 2 cm in diameter, it would become a black hole.)
The comic suggests a more useful radius. The Jumping Frog radius, rjf, which is the size of a "planet" so that its gravity keeps a champion jumping frog from being able to achieve escape velocity. Thus Randall has instead of c, the 299,792,458 m/s speed of light, used a much smaller value of 4.5 m/s, to represent the maximum speed of a jumping frog. It is possible that Randall got that value from this paper, which on page 179 puts an upper limit on the maximum velocity of adult Australian rocket frogs at 4.52 m/s.
The drawing to the right of the formula shows a planet with exactly the radius rjf. Thus the frog can jump really high compared to the planets size (in this case about as high as the planets radius), before it unavoidably falls back down, since the planet is just small enough to prevent the frog escaping.
The title text points out that the rjf of the Earth is about 1.5 light days, which is about 3 times the distance to Pluto (compare to the 9 mm Schwarzschild radius). Since Earth's surface is much smaller than this[citation needed], no frogs will be able to escape, so all frogs that stray into Earth's gravittionl well would collect here on Earth. As far as we know, all the frogs in the Solar System are on Earth, so the data apparently matches the theory.
Transcript
- [The panel shows a large formula to the left and a small drawing to the right. The formuals right side is drawn above and below the division line:]
- rjf = 2GM/(4.5m/s)2
- [The drawing to the left shows a very small planet with the radius indicated with a labeled dotted arrow pointing from the center straight up. A frog is shown jumping on the surface. This is indicated with a parabolic dotted line going from a frog sitting on the surface near the top of the planet, up to the frog shown soaring through the air with its limbs stretched out about as high above the surface as the planet's radius. At this point the frog is making a sound. Then the dotted line goes down to about a quarter of the way around the planet where the frog lands making a noise.]
- Arrow label: rjf
- Frog: Ribbit
- Landing: Plop
- [Caption below the panel:]
- More practically useful than the Schwartzchild radius, the Jumping Frog Radius is the radius at which an object's gravitational pull is so strong that even a champion jumping frog can't escape.
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