Symbols

Title text: "röntgen" and "rem" are 20th-century physics terms that mean "no trespassing."

Explanation

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This comic refers to elements of (mostly mathematical or engineering) notation commonly used in various fields of math and science. Each piece of notation is presented as "symbolizing" a typical context in which it might be encountered. Many of the individual descriptions sounds look like verbiage that might be found on informational or warnings signs or placards, although typically with a silly edge.

d/dx: An undergrad is working very hard

d/dx is the symbol for a single-variable derivative. This is a mathematical operation that, while difficult, is one of the most basic operations in calculus and consequently well within the reach of an undergraduate student, particularly in science. Thus, an equation with this operation would be one that would cause an undergraduate student to work very hard.

∂/∂x: A grad student is working very hard

The replacement of the standard "d" letters with the curly letters "∂" denotes the partial derivative, which generalizes the ordinary derivative to multi-variable calculus. Problems with partial derivatives, especially partial differential equations, can be extremely challenging—appropriate for hard graduate-level work.

ħ: Oh wow, this is apparently a quantum thing

ħ (pronounced "h-bar") is a symbol used for (the reduced) Planck's constant, a universal, fundamental constant in quantum physics. ħ is equal to the energy of a photon divided by its frequency, and angular momentum in quantum mechanical systems is measured in quantized integer or half-integer units of ħ.

R_e: someone needs to do a lot of tedious numerical work; hopefully it's not you

The Reynolds number (which is actually usually denoted by "Re," not "R_e" as it appears in the comic) is the most important dimensionless group in fluid mechanics. Named for Osborne Reynolds, Re characterizes the relative sizes of inertial and viscous effects in a moving fluid. Large values of Re indicative of turbulent flow, which cannot usually be solved analytically, and so numerical modelling is necessary. Accurate numerical studies of high-Reynolds-number flows are notoriously difficult to create and program.

(T_a⁴ – T_b⁴): you are at risk of skin burns

The Stefan-Boltzmann law says that a perfectly absorbing ("black body") source emits electromagnetic radiation with a power per unit area of σT⁴, where σ is a known constant and T is the absolute temperature. The quantity (T_a⁴ – T_b⁴) thus appears in any calculation of purely radiative energy transfer between two bodies, one at temperature T_a and the other at T_b. When radiative transfer is large enough to be the most import form of heat interchange, it is normally also large enough to sear the skin with thermal or ultraviolet burns.

N_A: you are probably about to make an incredibly dangerous arithmetic error

N_A, or Avagadro's number, is the number of molecules in a mole of a substance—roughly the number of protons and neutrons in 1 gram of matter. This is an enormous number, approximately 6.02 × 10²³. Working with N_A, it is easy to make errors of one or more factors of ten without noticing. In this kind of error is made in the calculation of the stoichiometrically correct amount of a reagent in a chemical reaction, it is possible to accidentally created dangerous amounts of unwanted chemical products.

µm: careful, that equipment is expensive

Micrometers are a very small unit of temperature. Any equipment that is operating in these units will be incredibly finely calibrated and thus very expensive.

mK: careful, that equipment is very expensive

Millikelvin temperatures are very cold, barely above absolute zero, suggesting sensitive experiments probing quantum mechanical behavior that would likely only exist in an advanced laboratory. Any equipment that works down a mK temperatures is likely to be very expensive.

nm: don't shine that in your eye

Nanometers are most frequently seen in the listed wavelengths for lasers. Pointing a visible or infrared laser at someone's eye is notoriously dangerous; the tightly-focused coherent light can cause permanent damage very quickly.

eV: Definitely don't shine that in your eye

Electron volt energies are typical of moderate-energy particle beams, produced by accelerating electrons (or protons) over macroscopic voltages. These particle beams can be even more damaging to soft tissues than optical-wavelength lasers.

mSv: You are about to get into an Internet argument

The millisievert is a unit of radiation dose absorbed. It is actuality a very small dosage, but the joke refers to Internet trolls debating the effects of low-dose radiation sources, such as 5G wireless networks. Randall's comment may also be referring to this chart.

mg/kg: go wash your hands

This measures the dangerous dose of a chemical per kilogram of body mass. If the dose is measured in mg/kg (parts per million), then the substance is quite toxic.

µg/kg: go get in the chemical shower

If the dosage is measured in micrograms per kilogram (parts per billion), the substance is extremely toxic.

π or τ

π is defined as the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, while τ is defined as 2π times two. π has been used as the primary constant for describing the circumference and area of circles for millennia, but proponents of τ point out that τ is actually more natural in most constants, since it makes working in radians more straightforward. The joke here is that whichever constant you use, it will probably be the wrong one (off by a factor of two, one way or the other) for what you are trying to calculate.

The title text refers to two non-SI units of radiation measurement. An area with significant amounts of radiation is probably dangerous, hence the no trespassing part.

Transcript

This transcript is incomplete. Please help editing it! Thanks.

d/dx: An undergrad is working very hard
∂/∂x: A grad student is working very hard
ħ: Oh wow, this is apparently a quantum thing
R_e: Someone needs to do a lot of tedious numerical work; hopefully it's not you
(T_a⁴ - T_b⁴): You are at risk of skin burns
N_A: You are probably about to make an incredibly dangerous arithmetic error
µm: Careful, that equipment is expensive
mK: Careful, that equipment is very expensive
nm: Don't shine that in your eye
eV: Definitely don't shine that in your eye
mSv: You are about to get into an internet argument
mg/kg: Go wash your hands
µg/kg: Go get in the chemical shower
π or τ: Whatever answer you get will be wrong by a factor of exactly two

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Discussion

Great work by whomever did this, but is it possible R_e is something else? I agree that the numerical aspect makes it seem like a fluid mechanics problem, but I've never seen the Reynolds number with a subscripted e... only a regular size e, such that it is Re, not R_e. 108.162.237.93 20:36, 24 September 2021 (UTC)

R sub e (not Re) is Effective Reproduction Number. This is related to infection rates. I'm pretty sure it's R sub e, not Re given that infection rates are very much on his mind right now.

It would be out of place relative to all the other entries, though, which are all physics related. IMO it's more likely this was an error.

Earth's radius is abbreviated "R sub e" 162.158.107.4 21:30, 24 September 2021 (UTC)

Could be the remainder of a series (i.e. the error when using the first terms of the series as an approximation). Determining upper bounds on this error is usually very tedious.

R sub e is tire effective rolling radius (or effective radius)--a radius based on the distance traveled by one rotation of a pneumatic tire. Re is similar to the unloaded radius (for radial tires) and normally larger than the loaded radius (distance from axle to ground).

My first thought was that this referred to the "real part" operator, although that's typically represented by a plain Re (no subscript).

Re seems to be related to number theory, like in those papers where's they tediously prove that there are infinities of different sizes.

Extra vote for number theory theory, I've seen R_e most when referring to Real part of a function, which does often bring in tedious calculations

Re is almost definitely not meant to have any electronic structure meaning here. The subscript alpha in R_alpha is indexing over x,y,z (cartesian coordinates) as a transition dipole moment term.

T to the fourth power looks like blackbody radiation, any ideas what specifically that formula represents? 162.158.203.22 20:40, 24 September 2021 (UTC)

There's an equation for what reflects off a spherical object that is a quartic equation (although I'd expect concave reflectors, not convex ones, to risk skin-burn. Or, more likely something to do with UV (non-)absorbtion or generation, but I imagine someone knows exactly what it is, without someone like me just guessing wildly. ;) 141.101.99.82 21:05, 24 September 2021 (UTC)

This wiki does not seem to have a consistent formatting structure for lists

The N_A could also soon become NAN (not a number) thus being only a step away from the dangerous arthmeric error. --162.158.88.43 21:38, 24 September 2021 (UTC)

Bold Title

Content starting with a tab

Bold title content continues on same line

Regular title

Content on a new line, but not starting with a tab

As well as tables and mixes of these formats. Maybe someone should pick one and apply it to all the explanations. I just noticed it because of the inconsistencies as people are quickly throwing something together for this new comic. 162.158.107.4 21:02, 24 September 2021 (UTC)

I read the penultimate line as "Mg" and was trying to imagine a meaning for "megagrams per kilogram". Sloppy Greek letter there, Randall. Nitpicking (talk) 03:17, 25 September 2021 (UTC)

I find this criticism very unreasonable. Randall's "m" is written very differently, there are plenty of examples of it in this very cartoon to avoid confusion, and micrograms are far more commonly used than megagrams. I had no problem whatsoever recognizing the letter mu, and I don't see how this could be a problem for anyone already familiar with that letter. 162.158.90.85 11:11, 26 September 2021 (UTC)

Why are partial derivatives considered graduate-level? They're typically covered in first level undergraduate science courses, along with gradients and such. FPSCanarussia (talk) 03:34, 25 September 2021 (UTC)

The reference to "micrometer" links to the Wikipedia page for the measuring device, but it should link to the page for the unit of length: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometre Professor Frink (talk) 15:58, 25 September 2021 (UTC)

Adding to “Micrometer/Micrometre” above: this “any” is not really correct:

Of course, micrometers are used as a measurement of distance in other contexts, but any distance-measuring device capable of accurately measuring micrometer distances would also be expensive.

The “Micrometers” as seen in the Wikipedia article can measure distances of some micrometers accurately, but are not really expensive. Probably even cheaper than any equipment which can not measure distances. --162.158.88.239 18:19, 25 September 2021 (UTC)

In certain circles (or, perhaps, between them as they roll), the typical Reynolds number is just three digits... ;) 162.158.159.95 20:04, 25 September 2021 (UTC)

"When radiative transfer is large enough to be the most important form of heat interchange, it is normally also large enough to sear the skin with thermal or ultraviolet burns." Radiative transfer is the dominant heat transfer from a (idle) human body in a 20C room. There is no risk of seared skin in this situation. As an aside if people understood the role of radiative heat transfer we'd have more comfortable and cheaper HVAC systems (and more underfloor heating).172.70.34.91 20:08, 25 September 2021 (UTC)

I cannot recall ever using Avogadro's constant in a stochiometric calculation. You do everything in mole or gram mole. N_A implicitly cancels and never even appears.172.70.34.91 20:08, 25 September 2021 (UTC)

mSV (millisievert) is also likely to show up in other internet debates as well, usually related to Chernobyl, Fukushima, Three Mile Island, or [other such nuclear accidents|https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/brief-history-nuclear-accidents-worldwide] Also likely to show up in any discussion on nuclear energy to alleviate global warming, especially given modern reactor designs to reduce such incidents.Seebert (talk) 20:15, 27 September 2021 (UTC)

d⁄dx is not the symbol for a single variable derivative, but the symbol for a total derivative. Partial derivatives and total derivatives happen to be equal when the function depends on only one variable, but in general both partial and total derivatives are used in multivariate calculus 198.41.231.172 05:56, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

I know arguments on the Internet often aren't logical, but the mSV really wouldn't make any sense in the context of arguing about 5G as that is non-ionizing radiation. Ullallulloo (talk) 14:37, 7 October 2021 (UTC)

eV may more specifically be a reference to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoli_Bugorski --172.70.35.70 03:59, 8 October 2021 (UTC)

R_e could also refer to the elastic limit in solid mechanics, where it is the lowest stress at which permanent deformation will occur. At least my university (in Germany) uses that symbol. Interestingly, stress analysis can also involve a lot of numerical work, at least outside of simplified examples. 172.70.250.185 (talk) (please sign your comments with ~~~~)

No comment about your experience, but in response to your edit-comment of "(sorry if I'm editing wrong)", just remember to sign with four tildes ( ~~~~ ) here in the Talk page, to make any discussion easier to read and timestamp things a bit (it was written just now, so I haven't bothered to add that detail, above, future readers can correctly assume just a few minutes have passed from then until now and my own signature addition). 172.69.79.173 19:58, 22 July 2022 (UTC)

As an Oceanography student, another use of the term mSv could occasionally be milli Sverdrups (with a Sverdrup being a flow rate of 1 million cubic metres per second). I have only come across the use of milli Sverdrups a handful of times, but it could definitely get you into arguments, especially with non oceanographers, due to the non standard nature of Sv as a measure of volumetric flow. And the even less standard practice of working in mSv rather than m^3 s^-1 141.101.98.78 19:54, 10 September 2024 (UTC)

"pronounced "h-bar"". I'm sure that that is a Voiceless pharyngeal fricative 172.70.207.30 23:23, 12 December 2024 (UTC)

Transcript

This transcript is incomplete. Please help editing it! Thanks.

d/dx: an undergrad is working very hard
∂/∂x: a grad student is working very hard
ħ: oh wow, this is apparently a quantum thing
R_e: someone needs to do a lot of tedious numerical work; hopefully it's not you
(T_a⁴ - T_b⁴): you are at risk of skin burns
N_A: you are probably about to make an incredibly dangerous arithmetic error
µm: careful, that equipment is expensive
mK: careful, that equipment is very expensive
nm: don't shine that in your eye
eV: definitely don't shine that in your eye
mSv: you are about to get into an internet argument
mg/kg: go wash your hands
µg/kg: go get in the chemical shower
π or τ: whatever answer you get will be wrong by a factor of exactly two